世界優(yōu)秀舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)特征研究及展望

摘要：運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)資料法、錄像觀察法、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)和邏輯分析法，以波蘭舉重錦標(biāo)賽與倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉重15個(gè)級(jí)別（男8女7）比賽成績(jī)前8名共計(jì)240名運(yùn)動(dòng)員的競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)為研究對(duì)象，對(duì)其競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)特征進(jìn)行探蹤。結(jié)果顯示：世界優(yōu)秀舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員年輕化的趨勢(shì)明顯，普遍最佳競(jìng)技年齡為22～25歲；隨著級(jí)別的升高，男女克托萊指數(shù)值也在增大。男女運(yùn)動(dòng)員平均成績(jī)的變異系數(shù)均值有非常顯著性差異，男運(yùn)動(dòng)員平均成績(jī)的穩(wěn)定性明顯好于女子；所有級(jí)別平均發(fā)揮率全部超過100%，女子項(xiàng)目的發(fā)揮率遠(yuǎn)好于男子，而且在總成績(jī)的發(fā)揮率上，男女有顯著性差異。運(yùn)動(dòng)員的平均成功率普遍不高，介于56%～67%之間，抓舉高于挺舉、女子高于男子；不論抓舉挺舉，每輪次的成功率呈遞減趨勢(shì)。建議在高級(jí)別的舉重比賽中，將開把率控制在男子97%～98%、女子96.5%～97.5%更為科學(xué)。

關(guān)鍵詞：舉重；競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)；特征分析；展望

中圖分類號(hào)：G884 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1006-2076（2015）01-0098-08

Abstract：By using the methods of documentation， video observation， mathematical statistics and logical analysis， this paper studies the competitive performance of the top 8 of total 240 weightlifting athletes in Poland IWF World Championships and London Olympic Games， and explores their competitive performance features. The result shows that the world elite weightlifting athletes tend to be younger， the best competitive age is normally between 22～25 years. With the weight level growing， the average Quetelet index would also increase. There are prominent differences between coefficient of variation of the male's and the female's average performances. Specifically， male athletes' average performance is much better in stability. The play rates of all weightlifting events are generally above 100%， men's higher than women's. Gender differences are highlighted on total performances. Between 56-67%， the average rate of success is less impressive. Snatch' is higher than clean and jerk'； the female's is higher than the male's. Each round shows decreasing trend. It is advised that male athletes' first lifting weight be controlled between 97-98% and female between 96.5-97.5% of total performance. On the repeatability of athletes' achievement， men's is much larger than the

舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員的競(jìng)技能力是競(jìng)技比賽的基礎(chǔ)，而競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)的過程可以直接影響比賽結(jié)果，參考國(guó)內(nèi)一些專家對(duì)競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)的定義及相關(guān)研究[1-4]，可以認(rèn)為，舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員競(jìng)技表現(xiàn)是舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員在整個(gè)競(jìng)賽過程中以充分發(fā)揮競(jìng)技能力為目標(biāo)，而表現(xiàn)出來的特有方式及行為結(jié)果。其特征主要體現(xiàn)在：年齡、身體基本特征，比賽成績(jī)穩(wěn)定性，比賽發(fā)揮率，試舉成功率、開把率，試舉成績(jī)可重復(fù)性以及技戰(zhàn)術(shù)特點(diǎn)、即時(shí)狀態(tài)調(diào)整等。

本研究從運(yùn)動(dòng)競(jìng)賽學(xué)的角度，以參加波蘭世界舉重錦標(biāo)賽與倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉重項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)員個(gè)人及項(xiàng)目自身為切入點(diǎn)，研究舉重運(yùn)動(dòng)員在以充分發(fā)揮競(jìng)技能力、展示競(jìng)技水平為目標(biāo)的競(jìng)技比賽過程中所表現(xiàn)出來的特點(diǎn)，以及不同項(xiàng)目級(jí)別的表現(xiàn)特征。……