打擊全球腐敗的五種方法

布萊爾·格蘭克思

[摘 要] 腐敗妨礙公平決策，分散公益資源，嚴重侵蝕人們對當政者的信任。國際社會在全球范圍與腐敗展開了嚴肅斗爭，并取得了顯著進展。為了杜絕賄賂，避免因為腐敗導致的全球危機，打擊腐敗有五種方法：一是采納責任制。二是企業引進。三是向金磚五國取經。四是聘用年輕人。五是支持反腐創新，其中關鍵點是應構建廉政文化，尋找機會徹底打敗禍害社會的腐敗問題。

[關鍵詞] 反腐；責任制；反腐創新；廉政文化；公共政策

[中圖分類號] D523.4 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1002-8129（2017）08-0053-05

The various crises currently dominating international headlines – Ukraine， ISIS， Ebola – dont appear to have much in common. But while the dynamics certainly differ， each of these challenges is underpinned by a common theme： rampant corruption. From the collapse of government in Ukraine and the revolution in Syria to the graft that has undermined health systems in West Africa， corruption has proven to be a driver of recent instability.

烏克蘭問題、ISIS伊斯蘭國極端恐怖組織、埃博拉等占據了國際新聞的頭條，這些危機各有其不同的根源， 表面上共同之處不多，但在其背后都有一個共同主題：腐敗猖獗。烏克蘭政府垮臺，敘利亞革命，貪污受賄對西非衛生系統的破壞，這些問題的背后都被證實，腐敗是造成這些地區不穩定的驅動因素。

Corruption impedes fair decision-making， diverts resources meant for the public good and erodes our trust of those in power. Around the world， this lack of integrity has become entrenched， to the tune of $30 trillion over the past 15 years： half of global GDP.

腐敗妨礙公平決策，分散公益資源，極大地侵蝕了人們對當政者的信任。在全球范圍，在過去的15年因廉正缺失而帶來的巨大損失計達30萬億美元，大約占全球GDP的一半。

Since the end of the Cold War， when the international community began to get serious about fighting corruption at a global level， significant progress has been made. Laws， regulations and commitments are now in place， from the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention to the UN Convention Against Corruption. Those responsible for some of the most egregious practices are now behind bars. Organizations such as Transparency International and Global Witness have empowered civil society to hold governments more accountable around the world.

自冷戰結束以來，國際社會在全球范圍內與腐敗展開了嚴肅地斗爭，并取得了顯著進展。國際社會制定了相關法律、規定，并做出承諾，為此，經合組織制定了《反行賄公約》，聯合國制定了《聯合國反腐敗公約》，不少國家和地區均對嚴重的腐敗行為責任人繩之以法。同時，一些國際透明組織、全球見證組織等國際組織也賦予民間組織更多權利，對政府進行問責。

The difficulty with corruption， however， is that it is an adaptive challenge which evolves quickly and seeps into gaps in systems and organizations as quickly as we are able to fill them. Rules and legal frameworks do not work when they are at odds with societies that are predicated on patronage； often， the arrest of some wrong-doers does not deter others， and civil-society efforts are often underfunded and uncoordinated.

但是，打擊腐敗的斗爭困難不少，面臨諸多不斷變化的挑戰。 組織體系中存在漏洞，腐敗行為層出不窮，打擊措施跟進不力，濫用職權，規定和法律體系不被認可，形同虛設，若干腐敗分子的落網并不足以起到震懾作用，加上民眾組織經費不足，難以協調。

To get to grips with bribery and avoid global crises that are driven by corruption， we need to mobilize new constituencies in creative ways， and provide them with the tools they need for success. Here are five ideas for how to do it：

為了杜絕賄賂，避免因為腐敗導致的全球危機，我們需要通過新的方式來動員新的支持力量，并且為他們提供斗爭勝利所需要的手段。這里就如何開展打擊腐敗提供5個建議：

1.Embrace accountability. Corruption is a symptom， not a cause， of systems that lack integrity. To beat it， we have to look at sustainable ways to build the accountability of those in power. This means giving everyone a say in how they are governed and making sure their voices are heard and responded to. There are lots of ways to do this， ranging from participatory budgeting to citizen report cards. These approaches put social pressure on decision-makers， which is a strong incentive to behave honestly.

1.采納責任制。體制缺乏廉正，腐敗是癥狀，而不是原因。要打擊腐敗，需要可持續的方法來樹立當政者的責任。當政者讓每一個人都建言管理方法，確保傾聽他們的聲音，對他們的意見要有反饋。實行公民參與預算，市民報告卡等方法。這些方法讓決策者擔起社會壓力，強力促進他們誠信表現。

2.Bring in business. Forward-thinking， globally minded corporations understand that fighting corruption is good for ordinary people， good for the stability of societies and good for the bottom line. Companies are finding ways to not only adhere to the letter of laws， such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act， but also build a culture of integrity among staff and management. Moreover， projects such as the World Economic Forums Partnering Against Corruption Initiative and the B20 （which leads business engagement with the G20 group of governments） can provide valuable spaces for honest discussion.

2.企業引進。具有遠見和全球視野的企業很清楚反腐有利于大眾，有利于社會穩定，有利于明確底線。公司不僅會遵守法律條文，比如《美國海外反腐敗法》，也會在員工和管理中構建廉正文化。不僅如此，世界經濟論壇的合作反腐敗計劃、B20二十國集團工商界活動等項目為誠信討論提供了有價值的平臺。

3.Learn from the BRICS. It is easy to become disheartened when reports from Russia indicate that 80% of citizens believe corruption is much worse than it was 10 years ago. It is in the developing world， however， where some of the most effective anti-corruption initiatives are beginning to demonstrate real impact. In India， for example， the National Campaign for Peoples Right to Information （RTI） has transformed citizens ability to hold governments accountable. The RTI law has been used to gather information and has identified large-scale corruption in everything from the organization of the Commonwealth Games in Delhi to the 2G spectrum licensing process. The value of these kinds of initiatives is that they are locally owned， contextualized and sustainable. They also move away from the “one size fits all” approach that has hamstrung many Western anti-corruption efforts.

3.向金磚五國取經。來自俄羅斯的報告表明，80%的公民認為當今社會的腐敗問題比10年前更加嚴重，這結果的確令人沮喪。但是，發展中國家所推行的一些有效的反腐敗提議確實正顯現出影響。比如印度的“公民信息權全國運動”已經將公民的權利轉化為對政府問責的權利。印度應用公民信息權法案搜集信息，并查出在德里英聯邦運動會組織以及2G頻率許可證發放過程中出現的大規模腐敗。這種類型的提案價值在于為當地所擁有，具有當地背景，具有可持續性。他們拋棄了許多西方的反腐措施，那些措施往往因其不切合實際而失去效力。

4.Engage millennials. It is well known that young people now constitute over 50% of the global population. But our experience tells us that this generation tends to be more energetic about these issues， less engaged in patronage networks and far more attuned to the use of technology than older generations. This makes them a critical constituency in efforts to fight corruption. The key is to meet these young people where they are – online， in the media and via cultural tools such as music– rather than with reports and seminars. If we can build communities of young people who understand accountability， it will be easier to fight corruption when they move into positions of power.

4. 聘用年輕人。眾所周知，千禧一代占當今全球人口的50%以上。過去的經驗告訴我們這一代人對于腐敗問題更加關注，更少參與到濫用職權的關系網中，并且遠比老一代人更會使用科技。這使他們成為反腐敗的重要力量。關鍵是，與青年人溝通，不僅要采用報告和討論會的方式， 更要采用青年人經常用的線上媒體，甚至采用音樂等文化工具。如果在青年人中能夠建成懂得責任感的社會，他們掌權之后，就更容易反腐。

5.Support innovation. Just as corruption is constantly evolving， we must also work to continually adapt our responses， to ensure that citizens are engaged， to build accountability and keep graft in check. This means finding new ways to nudge forward reforms， such as the Open Government Partnership. We also need to develop creative collaborations to fund and support good ideas， like the Making All Voices Count initiative； and engage in debate around new ideas， such as that of an international anti-corruption force. It is only by rethinking the anti-corruption approaches of the past that we have a chance of beating this scourge in the future.

5.支持反腐創新。面對不斷涌現的腐敗，必須不斷地調整應對措施，保證人人參與，樹立責任，遏制賄賂。尋找新的方法推動改革，比如成立開放政府合作組織；發展創新型的合作，資助并支持好的想法，比如提出讓所有聲音有價值計劃；參與到新思想的討論，比如對國際反腐敗力量的討論。只有對過去的反腐敗措施進行反思，我們才能夠有機會在未來徹底打敗禍害社會的腐敗問題。

[責任編輯：譚曉影]

本文譯自（https：//www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/11/five-ways-beat-global-corruption/）