智慧城市的概念框架

約瑟夫·M·科爾

[摘 要] 智慧是一種運用知識、經驗、常識、理解力和洞察力進行思考和行動的能力。在當今動蕩變幻、錯綜復雜的時代，城市發展的重要計劃及其實施措施需要有全局觀和整體觀，要將城市規劃成行動者和政策決定者相互關聯、相互依靠的開放的生態環境，因而政府應貼近市民。尤其是在智慧城市建設理念下，正義、民主、關注自然和同情與美德應相伴而行。唯有如此，才能兼顧每個城市的特質和文化發展軌跡，達到提高市民生活質量的目的。

[關鍵詞] 智慧城市；城市規則；城市管理；產品福祉

[中圖分類號] F29 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1002-8129（2017）08-0115-05

City planning and management has increasingly become fragmented by a wave of concepts that seek to define and frame the new trends in urban development. Terms such as “sustainable city”， “green city”， “eco-city”， “ubiquitous city” and more recently “smart city” have been gaining more traction among urban planners， policymakers and practitioners. They attempt to embrace new models and approaches that help them to design urban policies aimed at meeting pressing challenges such as environmental degradation， climate change， mass urbanisation， migration， growing inequality and the fourth industrial revolution， to name a few.

隨著城市發展新趨勢的定義和規劃概念的紛紛涌現，城市規劃和城市管理概念越來越碎片化。“可持續發展城市”“綠色城市”“生態城市”“泛在城市（也稱U城市）”和新興的“智慧城市”等名詞日益受到城市規劃者、決策者和實踐者的重視。他們嘗試用新模式、新方法來設計城市政策，以應對環境惡化、氣候變化、大規模城市化、移民問題、不均衡發展和第四次工業革命等帶來的急迫挑戰。

Notwithstanding this， these concepts have not always been able to generate consensus on which urban models should guide policymakers who， regardless of their political ideology， take a long-term view that transcends partisan governments. This also has repercussions on the private sector， which is often conditioned by the vision and strategy framed by the city council. Against this background， we ask ourselves afundamental question： what is the highest aspiration for a city？

盡管如此，這些概念并不能讓決策者在某一種模式上達成共識。這些決策者，不論是什么政治意識形態，都具有超越黨派政府的長遠眼光。缺乏共識也會影響到那些受城市政府的遠見和策略調控的私營企業。為此，我們要先回答一個根本問題：一個城市的最高愿望是什么？

Amidst volatility， uncertainty， complexity and ambiguity， leading urban development policies and initiatives requires a holistic vision and approach that conceives of cities as open ecosystems of actors and policy areas that are interrelated and interdependent， but which have a shared aspiration： maximising citizens well-being. Often given as the supreme objective in nation-states constitutions， in practice national， regional and local governments often dismiss the nature of such statements in the current political system， which is still dominated by the axioms of infinite economic growth and paternalistic international development.

在當今這個動蕩不安、充滿變數、錯綜復雜的時代，城市發展的主要政策和計劃需要有全局觀和整體觀，要將城市規劃成行動者和決策者相互關聯、相互依靠的開放的生態系統，為實現讓市民的福祉最大化的共同愿望而努力。這通常被看作是國家憲法的最高目標，而實際上，在現階段，在以刺激經濟的無限增長和家長式作風主導國際化發展的政治體系中，國家、地區和地方政府常常拋棄了“市民福祉最大化”的本質。

In this new paradigm， local governments have the advantage of being closer to their citizens and， thus， of being aware of their dreams and worries much better than national governments， meaning their capacity to respond to their problems and foster their goals should be higher.Such a comprehensive， integral view is reflected in the concept of Wise Cities. Wisdom is the ability to think and act using knowledge， experience， understanding， common sense and insight. This involves an understanding of citizens， contexts， events， situations， and the willingness and ability to apply judgement and action in keeping with the understanding of the optimal course of action. Thus， wisdom involves doing good （the right policies and actions for citizens well-being） ） by doing it well （the most efficient mechanism to achieve it）.

在這種新范式中，地方政府的優勢在于更貼近市民，也因此比國家政府更能了解市民的夢想和擔憂，那么也更有能力回應市民的關切，實現市民的目標。這樣的綜合觀和整體觀正是智慧城市這個概念的內涵。智慧是一種運用知識、經驗、常識、理解力和洞察力進行思考和行動的能力，要求愿意并且能夠理解市民，了解所處環境，認清發生的事件和面臨的形勢，做出判斷，采取行動以保證最佳行動過程。為此，智慧意味著通過好的方法（使用最有效的達成機制）去做好事情（為市民福祉而制定正確政策，采取行動）。

Against this backdrop， the guiding principles of a Wise City are the universal values （or virtues） relating to justice， democracy， care of the natural environment， kindness， compassion and excellence. Indeed， one of the big challenges for this centurys urban planners and managers will be to design an urban model that is human-centred and takes into account each citys idiosyncrasy and cultural trajectory in order to avoid a “one-size fits all”approach. The ultimate goal of this model should be the improvement of citizens quality of life， including the fulfilment of basic needs， the creation of a safe environment， access to opportunities and the pursuit of happiness.

在此背景下，智慧城市的指導方針就是普遍的價值觀，關系到正義、民主、關注自然、友善、同情與美德。事實上，本世紀的城市規劃者和管理者面臨的一個重大挑戰，就是要設計一個以人為本同時兼顧每個城市的特質和文化發展軌跡的模式，避免“一刀切”。這個模式的終極目標是提高市民的生活質量，包括滿足其基本需求、創造安全的環境、提供同等機會和滿足對幸福的追求。

This conceptualisation does not disregard those that have gone before， but includes and transcends them. Sustainability and ecological， green or technology-smartness are also features present in a Wise City， but they are not the end objectives per se： they are a means of improving citizens quality of life. The Wise City concept can help us align all interdisciplinary areas of study that take place in the complex ecosystem of cities， organising a science of cities into a common direction or framework. There are no more purposeful approaches to development than wisdom.

上述定義并非摒棄從前的觀點，而是對以往觀點的包含和超越。可持續性、生態化、環保性和技術智能同樣是智慧城市的特點，只是它們本身不是最終目標，而是改善市民生活質量的途徑和方法。智慧城市的概念整合了針對城市復雜生態系統的跨學科研究，將城市科學調整為一個共同的方向或者框架。沒有比智慧城市更有效的發展方法了。

This vision is conveyed by “Wise Cities - a global think tank network”， which is shaped by fourteen research institutions from all over the world. This initiative aims to influence and inspire local governments， international organisations and policy researchers to better adapt to the current transformations and future challenges that affect urban development.

上述愿景正是 “智慧城市——全球智庫網”項目的理念，這個由全球14個研究機構共同形成的項目，旨在影響并激勵當地政府、國際組織和政策研究者更好地適應當前轉型，更好地迎接影響城市發展的各種挑戰。

The Wise City is characterised by the following seven principles：

以下七個原則概括出智慧城市的特點：

（1）People-centred approach： citizens well-being is at the heart of policy setting；

以人為本的方法：市民的福祉是制定政策的核心；

（2）Resilience： adapted to each citys cultural idiosyncrasy， socioeconomic context， environmental setting and overall sustainability；

適應能力：適應每個城市的文化特質、社會經濟環境、自然環境和整體的可持續能力；

（3）Techno-culture： technology as a means to improve citizens well-being；

技術文化：技術作為提升市民的福祉的方式；

（4）Quadruple helix： integration and engagement of stakeholders through public and private partnerships （citizens， government， private sector， academia）；

四輪聯動：通過公私合作關系（市民、政府、私企、學術界）讓不同利益群體融合并參與其中；

（5）Trust-building： as a result of stakeholder collaboration， building and consolidation of social capital；

構建信任：基于利益群體的合作，構建和鞏固社會資本；

（6）Experiential learning： benchmarking best and worst practices， monitoring and evaluating policies and sharing knowledge gained by experience （intra-city and international cooperation）；

體驗式學習：衡量最佳與最差的實踐，監管并評價政策，通過同城合作和國際合作獲得經驗，并分享；

（7）Brand identity and reputation： adopting solutions that suit citizens culture， building a brand that inspires.

品牌身份和聲譽：采取適合市民文化的方法，創立能鼓舞人心的品牌。

[責任編輯：譚曉影]