


摘要:目的" 通過兩樣本孟德爾隨機(jī)化設(shè)計(jì),探討睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。方法" 在IEU OpenGWAS project網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)庫中篩選并提取睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(GWAS)數(shù)據(jù),其中睡眠時(shí)長的GWAS數(shù)據(jù)來源于460 099例歐洲人群薈萃分析數(shù)據(jù),包括9 851 867個(gè)單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)位點(diǎn);結(jié)直腸癌的GWAS數(shù)據(jù)包括218 792例歐洲人群薈萃分析數(shù)據(jù)(結(jié)直腸癌3022例,對照組215 770例),共有16 380 466個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)。采用逆方差加權(quán)(IVW)評估遺傳學(xué)預(yù)測的不同睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)和MR-Egger回歸和逐個(gè)剔除實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,以評估工具變量的多效性。結(jié)果" IVW法結(jié)果顯示,遺傳學(xué)預(yù)測的睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈負(fù)相關(guān)(OR=0.494,95%CI:0.264~0.924);MR-Egger回歸提示上述因果關(guān)聯(lián)未受到水平多效性影響。結(jié)論" 睡眠時(shí)長是結(jié)直腸癌的保護(hù)因素,隨著睡眠時(shí)長的增加,結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低。
關(guān)鍵詞:結(jié)直腸癌;睡眠時(shí)長;工具變量;因果關(guān)聯(lián);孟德爾隨機(jī)化
中圖分類號:R735" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2025.04.003
文章編號:1006-1959(2025)04-0016-05
The Causal Association Between Sleep Duration and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Based on Mendelian Randomization Method
WANG Yu1, WANG Yixiao1, DU Meizhi1, SUN Fengya1, DAI Linna1, LIU Fangrui1, WEI Yuanqi2, ZHU Yun1
(School of Public Health1, School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology2, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China)
Abstract: Objective To explore the association between sleep duration and the risk of colorectal cancer by two-sample Mendelian randomization design. Methods" Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data related to sleep duration and the risk of colorectal cancer were screened and extracted from the IEU OpenGWAS project website database. The GWAS data of sleep duration were derived from the meta-analysis data of 460 099 European populations, including 9 851 867 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. The GWAS data of colorectal cancer included 218792 European population meta-analysis data (3022 cases of colorectal cancer and 215 770 cases of control group), with a total of 16 380 466 SNP loci. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was used to evaluate the relationship between different sleep durations predicted by genetics and the risk of colorectal cancer. Heterogeneity test and MR-Egger regression and one-by-one rejection experiments were used for sensitivity analysis to evaluate the pleiotropy of instrumental variables. Results" The results of IVW method showed that sleep duration predicted by genetics was negatively correlated with the risk of colorectal cancer (OR=0.494, 95%CI: 0.264-0.924). MR-Egger regression suggested that the above causal associations were not affected by level pleiotropy. Conclusion" Sleep duration is a protective factor for colorectal cancer. With the increase of sleep duration, the risk of colorectal cancer decreases.
Key words: Colorectal cancer; Sleep duration; Instrumental variables; Causal relationship; Mendelian randomization
結(jié)直腸癌(coloretcal cancer)是全球第三大常見惡性腫瘤和第二大致命癌癥。結(jié)直腸癌病因復(fù)雜,是基因與環(huán)境因素綜合作用的結(jié)果。然而,睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌之間的因果關(guān)聯(lián)尚存在爭議。有研究指出,睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能存在正相關(guān)[1]或負(fù)相關(guān)[2, 3]的關(guān)系。也有研究認(rèn)為[4],睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌的關(guān)系呈“U”形,即較短(<6 h)或較長(>9 h)的睡眠時(shí)間均會增加結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。研究表明[5],睡眠時(shí)間過長(>9 h)會增加結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),然而睡眠時(shí)長較短(<5 h)與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)聯(lián)。此外,現(xiàn)有研究多為觀察性研究,傳統(tǒng)的觀察性研究存在局限性,其結(jié)果容易受到混雜因素和逆向因果關(guān)系的影響[6]。孟德爾隨機(jī)化(Mendelian randomization, MR)使用遺傳變異作為工具變量(instrumental variables, IVs)來推斷可修改暴露與結(jié)果之間的因果關(guān)系[7],可以彌補(bǔ)上述缺點(diǎn)[8]。孟德爾隨機(jī)化方法在觀察性研究中引入了計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的工具變量概念,用決定不同中間表型(即暴露因素)的基因型作為該表型的工具變量。MR研究依賴于3個(gè)主要假設(shè)[9]:①單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)與暴露因素強(qiáng)相關(guān);②SNP與影響結(jié)局的混雜因素?zé)o關(guān);③SNP不存在基因多效性,只通過暴露影響結(jié)局。由于等位基因在配子形成時(shí)隨機(jī)分配到子代,基因和疾病之間的關(guān)聯(lián)不受出生后環(huán)境和行為等混雜因素影響,且因果時(shí)序合理,因此結(jié)果更貼近真實(shí)值。本研究通過使用雙樣本孟德爾隨機(jī)化的方法研究睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生之間的潛在關(guān)聯(lián),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1數(shù)據(jù)來源" 本研究篩選與睡眠習(xí)慣(暴露因素)和結(jié)直腸癌(疾病結(jié)局)相關(guān)的GWAS數(shù)據(jù)庫。遺傳關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)均來自歐洲人群的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究,即IEU OPEAN GWAS項(xiàng)目(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)。睡眠時(shí)長的GWAS數(shù)據(jù)來源于460 099例歐洲人群薈萃分析數(shù)據(jù),包括9 851 867個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn);遺傳工具變量來自Bycroft C等[10]發(fā)表的睡眠時(shí)長的GWAS,該研究是英國生物銀行使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的觸摸屏問卷,通過“您每24小時(shí)睡幾個(gè)小時(shí)?(包括小睡)”這個(gè)問題來評估的。將平均每天睡眠時(shí)長按<7 h、7~8 h、>8 h進(jìn)行劃分和分析。結(jié)直腸癌的GWAS數(shù)據(jù)來源于218 792例歐洲人群薈萃分析數(shù)據(jù)(結(jié)直腸癌3022例,對照組215 770例),共有16 380 466個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)[11]。結(jié)直腸癌的GWAS相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)可以在FINNGEN(https://www.finngen.fi/en)進(jìn)行查看。
1.2方法" 在GWAS數(shù)據(jù)庫中以全基因組顯著性閾值(P<5×10-8)來選擇SNP。設(shè)置連鎖不平衡參數(shù)(r2)閾值為0.1,遺傳距離為1000 kb,排除連鎖不平衡(linkage disequilibrium, LD)對結(jié)果的影響。對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,使其效應(yīng)等位與效應(yīng)量保持統(tǒng)一。最終獲得72個(gè)SNP與睡眠時(shí)長相關(guān)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
1.3.1 MR分析" 將與暴露因素和疾病結(jié)局相關(guān)的單核苷酸多態(tài)性SNP作為工具變量進(jìn)行雙樣本孟德爾隨機(jī)化的方法(two-sample mendelian randomization, TSMR)分析[12];本研究將IVW法作為MR分析的主要方法,以O(shè)R值(95%CI)評估睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的因果關(guān)系[13-15]。且采用MR-Egger回歸和加權(quán)中位數(shù)法(weighted median estimator, WME)兩種MR方法對睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌之間的因果效應(yīng)進(jìn)行估計(jì),作為IVW法的補(bǔ)充證據(jù)[16-18]。如果上述方法產(chǎn)生相似的因果效應(yīng)估計(jì),可以說明本研究結(jié)果具有穩(wěn)健性[19]。本研究采用R軟件4.3.1版本中Two Sample MR的軟件包完成(0.5.7版),檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
1.3.2敏感性分析" 為進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性,評估結(jié)果是否存在偏倚、是否存在嚴(yán)重影響結(jié)局的變量,本研究采用異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)、水平基因多效性檢驗(yàn)和逐個(gè)剔除實(shí)驗(yàn)(leave-one-out sensitivity test)進(jìn)行敏感性分析。使用Cochran Q檢驗(yàn)作為本研究異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)的方法評估IV之間的異質(zhì)性[20]。如果異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果P>0.05,表示未觀察到顯著異質(zhì)性,使用固定效應(yīng)模型。水平基因多效性檢驗(yàn)通過MR-Egger回歸的截距項(xiàng)評估是否有IVs通過暴露以外的其他途徑影響結(jié)局,截距接近0認(rèn)為不存在水平多效性。逐個(gè)剔除實(shí)驗(yàn)評估單個(gè)SNP對因果關(guān)系的影響程度,以及剩余SNP的合并效應(yīng),如果剔除單獨(dú)SNP后結(jié)果與總結(jié)果差異較小,說明MR分析結(jié)果具有穩(wěn)健性[21]。
2結(jié)果
2.1睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌之間MR分析" 去除連鎖不平衡的SNP后,共篩選出72個(gè)SNP,MR結(jié)果顯示睡眠時(shí)長和結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)。不同MR分析方法總效應(yīng)值方向一致(圖1)。其中,IVW法結(jié)果顯著(OR=0.494,95%CI:0.264~0.924,P=0.027),睡眠時(shí)長是結(jié)直腸癌的保護(hù)因素,隨著睡眠時(shí)長的增加,結(jié)直腸癌患病率降低。WME敏感性分析結(jié)果與IVW相似,顯示睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生存在臨界顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(OR=0.390,95%CI:0.148~1.029,P=0.057),見表1。
2.2敏感性分析" 睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌之間的異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(IVW:Q=69.478,P=0.427;MR-Egger:Q=69.219,P=0.102),表明無需考慮異質(zhì)性對結(jié)果造成的影響。水平基因多效性檢驗(yàn)采用MR-Egger回歸表示,睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌截距項(xiàng)為-0.007(P=0.618),因此其水平多效性不會對分析結(jié)果造成偏倚。逐個(gè)剔除實(shí)驗(yàn)中,結(jié)果未發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠時(shí)長中對結(jié)直腸癌有較大影響的SNP,表明睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌的MR分析結(jié)果具有一定穩(wěn)健性,見圖2。
3討論
關(guān)于睡眠時(shí)長和結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的關(guān)系,既往研究存在“U”形和“線性”曲線兩種結(jié)論。“U”形曲線常將睡眠時(shí)間劃分為健康睡眠時(shí)長(7~8 h)、較短的睡眠時(shí)長(<7 h)和較長的睡眠時(shí)長(>8 h)。有研究認(rèn)為[22],平均每天睡眠時(shí)長在7~8 h范圍內(nèi),結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率降低9%。相比于6~9 h的睡眠時(shí)長的受試者,具有較短(<6 h)和較長睡眠時(shí)長(>9 h)的人群患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[4]。此外,Zhang X等[23]根據(jù)性別分層后的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在男性中,每天睡眠時(shí)間>9 h相較于平均每天睡眠7 h者患結(jié)直腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加,而在女性中該關(guān)聯(lián)不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在線性關(guān)系的結(jié)果中,相比于每天睡眠時(shí)長不足6 h的受試者,睡眠時(shí)長延長(>7 h)會降低結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。
本研究利用GWAS數(shù)據(jù),使用TSMR方法分析了睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的聯(lián)系,結(jié)果顯示睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間有負(fù)向因果關(guān)系,其機(jī)制可能與睡眠不足會導(dǎo)致促炎細(xì)胞因子水平升高[24,25],晝夜節(jié)律紊亂導(dǎo)致夜間褪黑素生成受抑制[26],或引起胰島素抵抗綜合征有關(guān)[27]。然而,有研究顯示[28],睡眠時(shí)間延長,結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加21%,但該分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)相對較短的睡眠時(shí)間與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病率升高之間的顯著關(guān)聯(lián),可能與該研究納入分析的文獻(xiàn)對睡眠時(shí)長的長短定義不完全一致有關(guān)。有研究認(rèn)為,睡眠時(shí)長的延長可能與雌激素介導(dǎo)的癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)[29];較長的睡眠時(shí)長會導(dǎo)致促炎因子釋放增加,主要包括白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α),炎癥因子釋放被認(rèn)為是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的基礎(chǔ)[23]。此外,肥胖被認(rèn)為是結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[30],持續(xù)肥胖(BMI≥25 kg/m2)與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病顯著相關(guān)[31];睡眠時(shí)長增加可通過改變皮質(zhì)醇分泌和胰島素抵抗來增加肥胖發(fā)生率,睡眠時(shí)長減少也與肥胖發(fā)生有關(guān)[32],這可能與睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的機(jī)制有關(guān)[4]。
本研究分析了與睡眠時(shí)長相關(guān)的72個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn),發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠時(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間存在線性負(fù)相關(guān),即睡眠時(shí)長對結(jié)直腸癌具有保護(hù)作用。這與部分先前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩者之間的正向關(guān)聯(lián)[23]或“U”形關(guān)聯(lián)[22]相悖,可能與不同研究中研究對象的種族和性別、觀察性研究中存在偏倚,以及對睡眠時(shí)長的研究范圍不一致有關(guān)。值得注意的是,MR-Egger方法能夠評估遺傳變異與結(jié)局的關(guān)系是否存在基因多效性,并在一個(gè)較弱的假設(shè),即InSIDE假設(shè)下提供因果效應(yīng)關(guān)系較為穩(wěn)定的估計(jì)[33,34]。因此,當(dāng)孟德爾隨機(jī)化中工具變量的假設(shè)無法滿足時(shí),MR-Egger法是一種很有價(jià)值的敏感性分析方法。然而,在實(shí)際中,違反InSIDE假設(shè)或異常值的影響都可能使MR-Egger方法產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的因果估計(jì),增加1類錯(cuò)誤的概率[18,33]。因此,在本研究中,MR-Egger分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)基因多效性(Egger-intercept=-0.007,P=0.618),睡眠時(shí)長和結(jié)直腸癌之間的關(guān)系則應(yīng)以IVW方法的結(jié)果為主。
本研究的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是利用MR方法,可以有效避免后天混雜因素對暴露和結(jié)局之間的因果關(guān)系的影響。并使用大樣本GWAS數(shù)據(jù),具備較高的代表性和可信度。利用SNP位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行研究,可以在基因?qū)用娼沂舅邥r(shí)長與結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的因果關(guān)聯(lián)。本研究仍存在一定局限性:數(shù)據(jù)均來自歐洲人群,該結(jié)論還需要在其他人群中驗(yàn)證;GWAS數(shù)據(jù)無法進(jìn)行性別和年齡的分層分析,結(jié)果可能產(chǎn)生一定偏倚等。
綜上所述,睡眠時(shí)長對結(jié)直腸癌有保護(hù)作用,充足的睡眠可以降低結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。未來可以開展更大型并具有更寬分類參考范圍的孟德爾隨機(jī)化研究,以便更進(jìn)一步確定睡眠時(shí)長和結(jié)直腸癌的因果關(guān)系。
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收稿日期:2023-11-26;修回日期:2024-02-04
編輯/杜帆