?2022年夏季高溫干旱對湖南柑橘的影響

摘 要：2022年我國南方地區遭受了有氣象記錄歷史以來最嚴重的高溫干旱天氣，旱情的發展導致作物生長發育和經濟林果生產受到嚴重影響。為此，湖南省柑橘產業技術體系柑橘栽培崗位專家團隊于2022年7—10月分別赴全省多地調研柑橘受災情況，指導各地采取有利措施積極抗旱，并對部分受災果實品質進行了測定分析。結果表明：高溫干旱對柑橘生長的影響主要表現在樹葉萎焉、果實偏小且日灼嚴重、生長勢弱等方面；不同柑橘品種的抗旱能力有所差異，早熟溫州蜜柑受高溫干旱影響最大；越早熟、果實越大的柑橘品種受此次旱情影響越大，日灼率和樹體受損程度越高；內在品質方面，干旱主要影響柑橘果實的可溶性固形物和酸含量。根據調查結果從灌水與施水肥抗旱、土壤保濕降溫處理、修剪與疏果、枝干包扎與涂白、病蟲害防控5個方面提出了具體的抗旱措施。

關鍵詞：高溫；干旱；柑橘；抗旱措施；湖南

中圖分類號：S666 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1006-060X（2023）03-0071-06

Abstract： In 2022， the southern region of China suffered the most severe hot and dry weather in the history of meteorological records. The development of drought had seriously affected the growth and development of crops and the production of economic trees and fruits. For this reason， the expert team of the citrus cultivation post in the technical system of Hunan citrus industry， from July to October， investigated multi-site situation of citrus disasters， guiding local governments to fight drought efficiently， meanwhile measured and analyzed the quality of drought-stricken fruits. The results showed that high temperature and drought resulted in withered leaves， small fruits， serious sunburn， and weak growth potential of citrus. The drought-resistant ability of different citrus varieties differed; the early-maturing Satsuma mandarin suffered the biggest attack;" citrus varieties with earlier maturity and larger fruits were more affected by this drought， leading to higher sunburn rates and damage degrees of trees. As for internal quality， drought mainly affected soluble solids and acid contents of citrus fruits. According to the investigation results， specific drought-resistant measures were put forward from five aspects： irrigation and water manure application， soil moisture maintaining and cooling treatments， pruning and fruit thinning， branch dressing and whitening， and pest control.

Key words： high temperature; drought; citrus; measures for drought; hunan

2022年受厄爾尼諾現象影響，從6月開始我國南方地區出現高溫少雨天氣，尤其是7月以后中緯度暖高壓帶發展加強，出現強度最大也最持久的高溫干旱，2022年的高溫在強度、廣度和持久度上，都遠遠超出以往年份，區域性高溫事件綜合強度已達到1961年有完整氣象觀測記錄以來的最強程度[1–2]。

持續的高溫干旱對農作物造成了嚴重影響[3]。以柑橘為例[4–7]，掛果后若連續20 d降雨量≤10 mm，且日雨量≤5 mm，為輕度干旱；若連續30 d降水量≤25 mm，且日降水量≤10 mm，則嚴重影響柑橘產量；……