?高效降解廚余垃圾復合菌劑的構建及應用

摘 要：選取10種微生物菌株，分析其產淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纖維素酶和脂肪酶的能力，根據廚余垃圾中有機質成分及酶活功能信息構建一種高效降解廚余垃圾復合菌劑，并進行廚余垃圾堆肥的應用研究。結果表明：釀酒酵母產淀粉酶的能力最高，地衣芽孢桿菌產蛋白酶的能力最高，米曲霉產纖維素酶的能力最高，枯草芽孢桿菌產脂肪酶能力最高。拮抗性試驗發現只有短芽孢桿菌屬與地衣芽孢桿菌存在拮抗性關系。分別選取5株高酶活微生物構建4組復合菌劑，酶活測定結果表明，由鹽居固氮菌（Azotobacter salinestris）、綠色木霉（Trichoderma viride）、地衣芽孢桿菌（Bacillus licheniformis）、蠟樣芽孢桿菌（Bacillus cereus）和米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）組配的F2微生物復合菌劑的產酶能力較好，其中淀粉酶為25.0 U/mL，蛋白酶為0.13 U/mL，纖維素酶為1 244 U/mL，脂肪酶為4.09 U/mL。堆肥結果表明：添加復合菌劑F2組最高溫達到67 ℃，高溫期持續14 d，C/N為18.31，pH值為9.08，種子發芽指數為103.17%，相較于CK組堆肥效果更好，可使堆肥高溫期延長4 d，堆肥提前6 d達到完全腐熟。

關鍵詞：廚余垃圾；微生物菌劑；篩選；堆肥

中圖分類號：S141.4 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號： 1006-060X（2023）03-0061-06

Abstract：According to organic matter components， and microbial enzyme activities and functions of kitchen waste， 10 microbial strains were selected and their abilities of producing amylase， protease， cellulase and lipase were analyzed so as to construct a compound microbial agent for kitchen waste efficient degradation. Then the constructed compound microbial agent was applied in the kitchen waste composting experiment. The results showed that the following strains had the strongest capacity to produce a specific enzyme： Saccharomyces cerevisiae for amylase， Bacillus licheniformis for protease， Aspergillus oryzae for cellulase， and Bacillus subtilis for lipase. Antagonistic test found that antagonistic relationship was only presented between Brevibacillus and Bacillus licheniformis. Eventually， five kinds of strains with high enzyme activity were selected to construct four groups of compound microbial agents. The results of enzyme activity test showed that the F2 compound microbial agent composed of Azotobacter salinestris， Trichoderma viride， Bacillus licheniformis， Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus oryzae had good enzyme production ability， of which the amylase activity was 25.0 U/mL， protease 0.13 U/mL， cellulase 1 244 U/mL and lipase 4.09 U/mL. Results of the composting experiment showed that in F2 group the maximum temperature reached 67 ℃， the high temperature period lasted for 14 days， the C/N was 18.31， the pH was 9.08， and the seed germination rate was 103.17%; compared with CK group， F2 group had better composting effect， in which the high temperature period was extended by 4 days， and the compost reached complete maturation 6 days in advance.

Key words：kitchen waste; microbial agent; select; compost

隨著經濟社會的發展，人們生活水平逐漸提高，我國廚余垃圾的產生量也在急劇增長。廚余垃圾主要成分為水、淀粉、蛋白質、油脂和纖維素，以及無機鹽等[1]，容易腐爛變質，對環境衛生造成惡劣影響[2]。因此，如何將廚余垃圾進行清潔處理并資源化利用受到越來越多研究者的關注。目前廚余垃圾資源化利用技術主要是厭氧消化、好氧堆肥、生物養殖以及化學煉制[3]，其中厭氧消化是最主要的處理方式，但是厭氧消化工程投資較大、產生的沼液需二次處理?！?br>