?畜禽糞便肥料化及其在土壤改良中的應用綜述?

摘 要：我國畜禽養殖由散戶向規模化集中養殖轉變后，養殖廢棄物造成的環境污染問題仍較嚴重。畜禽糞便中富含N、P、K等多種營養元素和有機質，是重要的有機肥源。為了加快推進畜禽糞便的資源化利用，筆者首先分析了畜禽糞便隨意排放帶來的風險，然后介紹了當前流行的幾種糞便資源化利用方式。我國目前對畜禽糞污的處理技術主要包括除臭和固液分離，資源化利用方面主要有厭氧發酵和肥料化利用，也有將畜禽糞便氣化后作為能源利用的嘗試，但因能源化利用成本較高而難于推廣；肥料化利用操作簡單、成本低，且應用效果顯著。筆者著重闡述了畜禽糞便堆肥技術以及畜禽糞便肥料對土壤改良的效果，并提出今后應著重解決堆肥過程中重金屬和抗生素污染問題，加強雞糞、鴿糞、豬糞、牛糞等不同來源有機肥的系統性對比研究，以更好地推進畜禽糞便的資源化利用。

關鍵詞： 畜禽糞便；堆肥；有機肥；土壤改良；綜述

中圖分類號：X713 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1006-060X（2023）04-0109-06

Abstract：Though the livestock and poultry breeding in China has transformed from dispersed culture to large-scale intensive raising， the environmental pollution problem caused by animal waste is still serious. On the other hand， livestock and poultry manure is an important source of organic fertilizer which is rich in N， P， K， etc. nutrient elements and organic matter （OM）. To accelerate the resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure， we first analyzed the risks caused by the random discharge of livestock and poultry manure， and introduced several common ways of resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure. At present， the treatment techniques of livestock and poultry manure mainly include deodorization and solid-liquid separation. The utilization of manure resources mainly includes anaerobic fermentation and composting. There is also attempt to gasify animal waste for energy， which is difficult to popularize because of the high cost of energy utilization. Composting utilization is simple in operation and low in cost with significant performance. Here， we elaborate the composting technology of livestock and poultry manure and its effect on soil improvement， and suggest that the pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics during composting should be emphatically solved in the future， and the systematically comparative study of organic manure from different sources， such as chicken， pigeon， pig and cow manures， should be strengthened， so as to better promote the process of resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure.

Key words： livestock and poultry manure; compost; organic fertilizer; soil improvement; review

近年來，我國畜禽養殖業規模不斷擴大，畜牧業養殖方式也從家庭散養向規模養殖轉變，畜牧業總產值占比增大[1]。據統計，2021年我國養殖的大牲畜約有10 486.77萬頭，生豬出欄數高達44 922.42萬頭，豬肉產量高達5 295.93萬t，畜牧業總產值達2 869.4億元[2]。但是，安婧等[3]的研究表明，2021年中國畜禽糞便產生量達39億t，大部分地區和省份的畜禽糞便排放量已超出環境容量的50%，造成的氮、磷污染區域逐步擴大，特別是經濟發達地區污染風險較高。……