測土配方施肥對慈利縣中稻產量及養分利用率的影響?

摘 要：2020年通過田間小區試驗研究測土配方施肥對慈利縣中稻產量、產量構成以及氮、磷、鉀肥料利用率的影響。結果表明：配方全肥處理的中稻籽粒產量達8 577.1 kg/hm2，較常規全肥處理增產2.24%；配方全肥處理每100 kg經濟產量的氮、磷、鉀養分吸收量分別為2.01、0.92和1.88 kg，較常規全肥處理分別提高0.20、0.07和0.36 kg；與常規施肥處理相比，配方施肥處理中稻的氮、磷、鉀平均利用率分別提高1.86、2.01和6.59個百分點。總體而言，穩氮控磷增鉀的測土配方施肥技術能有效改善慈利縣中稻產量結構，提高水稻養分利用效率，實現增產增效，值得推廣。

關鍵詞：測土配方施肥；中稻；產量；肥料利用率

中圖分類號：S144.9 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1006-060X（2023）04-0050-05

Abstract： In 2020， a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil testing formula fertilization on middle rice yield and yield composition， and nitrogen， phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rates were also investigated in Cili County. The results showed that the grain yield of middle rice in the formula full fertilizer treatment was 8 577.1 kg/hm2， 2.24% higher than in the conventional full fertilizer treatment; the uptake of N， P and K nutrients was 2.01， 0.92 and 1.88 kg per 100 kg economic yield， respectively， 0.20， 0.07 and 0.36 kg higher than in the conventional full fertilizer treatment; the average utilization rates of N， P and K in the formula fertilization treatment were respectively 1.86， 2.01 and 6.59 percentage points higher than those in the conventional fertilization treatment. In general， the soil testing formula fertilization technique of saving nitrogen， controlling phosphorus and increasing potassium can effectively improve middle rice yield structure， improve nutrient utilization efficiency， and realize the increases of rice yield and profits in Cili County， which is worth promoting.

Key words：soil testing formula fertilization; middle rice; production; fertilizer utilization rate

施用化肥是保障農作物產量的物質基礎，對于穩定農業生產、保障糧食安全意義重大。但過去一段時間部分農戶為追求水稻高產，在實際生產中進行不合理或盲目地施肥[1]，導致土壤養分失衡、農產品品質下降、生態環境污染等一系列問題出現，嚴重威脅著食品安全和人類健康[2]。科學合理施肥可為作物提供充足、平衡的營養供給，保證作物高產潛力的充分發揮[3]，并對于土壤理化性狀改良、土壤微生態環境平衡有一定的作用，是農業生產的重要環節[4]。因此，開展糧食作物的減肥增效研究是實現我國水稻高產高效目標的重要內容之一[5]。

測土配方施肥不但能滿足水稻各種養分供應的需求，促進植株生長發育，還可減少肥料施用量，提高氮、磷、鉀肥料利用率[6]。前期研究認為……