我國油菜生產現狀、效益及提升策略?

摘 要：油菜是我國第一大自產植物油源，對確保食用油安全有著十分重要的作用。目前我國每年需進口大量食用油，自給率不足35%，因而大力發展油菜產業刻不容緩。基于國家統計年鑒資料，分析總結了2000—2018年油菜產業的發展情況，對影響油菜生產的成本及利潤等方面情況進行分析，發現2000—2018年間我國油菜種植面積及產量基本保持穩定，在當前耕地面積有限的情況下，大力發展高油油菜是提高總產最有效的途徑；2012年以來，凈利潤一直為負值，主要是肥料、人工投入及作業成本增幅過大所致。可通過發展油菜多用途等方法提高綜合效益，增強農戶生產積極性，促進油菜產業發展，確保我國食用油安全。

關鍵詞：油菜；產業發展；現狀；效益；策略

中圖分類號：F326.121 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1006-060X（2023）04-0094-04

Abstract：Rape is the largest self-produced vegetable oil source in China， and plays an important role in ensuring the safety of edible oil. At present， China needs to import a large amount of edible oil every year， and the self-sufficiency rate is less than 35%， thus making it urgent to develop the rape industry. Based on the data from the National Statistical Yearbook， this paper has summarized the rape industry development status and analyzed factors affecting the cost and profit of rape production from 2000 to 2018. It has found that the planting area and output of rape in China remained basically stable from 2000 to 2018. Under the current situation of limited arable land， vigorously developing high-oil rape is the most effective way to improve the total output. Since 2012， the net profit from planting rape had been negative， mainly due to the excessive increase of fertilizer and labor inputs， and operation cost. Such strategies as developing multiple uses of rape should be taken， so as to improve comprehensive benefits， enhance the production enthusiasm of farmers， promote the development of the rape industry， and ensure the safety of edible oil in China.

Key words： rape; industry development; current situation; benefit; strategy

油菜是中國第一大自產植物油源，據國家統計年鑒資料，2020年全國油菜種植面積6.765×106 hm2，占自產油料作物面積51.52%，占自產油料作物產量的39.17%；而我國當前食用油自給水平嚴重不足，2019年自給食用油僅占需求總量的36.03%，食用油的戰略安全受到嚴重威脅。2018—2019年度菜油占自產食用油的1/3以上，占總消費量的15%[1-2]。2017年，我國進口油菜籽已占世界油菜進口總量的40%左右[3]。單純依賴進口，風險極大，同時也難以滿足我國不斷增加的食用油需求[4]，因此必須提高我國菜油自產供應量。通過擴大油菜種植面積、提高單位面積油菜籽的產量以及增加油菜種子的含油量等方法可促進菜籽油產量的提高[5]。但目前我國油菜種植面積不斷萎縮[6]，單產增長幅度有限。……