論高考新題型“概要寫作”應試策略
——以green walls and rooftop gardens為例

（浙江紹興國杰實驗學校，浙江紹興 312030）

概要寫作，是高考改革后的新題型。在應試中，筆者非常認可2019年高考改卷英語學科組專家，浙江工業大學樓荷英教授的觀點：第一步：理解原文抓要點；第二步：將要點內化后組織語言表達出來。筆者以為概要寫作可分為概要+寫作即Summarize+Write，其中Summarize includes two steps：to figure out the style and the structure and to analyze each paragraph。Write also includes two steps：paraphrase and link sentences with connectives。

現以green walls and rooftop gardens這篇文章為例說明寫作思路：

1 Summarize

1.1 Style

Exposition.（A.Narration B.Argumentation C.Exposition）

Structure：Introduction——Body——Conclusion.

1.2 To analyze each paragraph

using“reap”method to analyze each sentence.

(1)Rethink the logical relationship of sentences；(2)Explore the division of the paragraph；(3)Avoid unnecessary information(details，examples)；(4)Put together the key information.

Para1：(1)With limited space for parks and gardens，architects and city planners often find it challenging to include greenery in neighborhoods in cities.(2)One creative solution is to grow plants on unused areas like walls and rooftops.(3)It’s a popular idea，and now rooftop gardens and green walls have been sprouting up（大量冒出）in cities around the world.

1problem 2solution 3result.

(注：“1”表示本段第一句；“problem”表示本句在本段作用是“提出問題”key words：limited space。“2”表示本段第二句；“solution”表示本句在本段作用是“提出解決方案”key words：to grow plants on unused areas like walls and rooftops。“3”表示本段第三句；“result”表示本句在本段作用是“結果”key words：sprouting up。各句“key words”合并成“key points”，下同。)key points：Because of limited space，rooftop gardens and green walls have been sprouting up.

Para2：(1)There are many benefits of having green spaces to the urban landscape.(2)Adding gardens to rooftops or walls can create a pleasant environment——what was once a gray cement（水泥）wall can become a colorful，blooming garden.(3)The Caxia Forum art gallery in Madrid，Spain，is a famous example——one of its walls is covered with 15，000 plants from over 250 different species.

1，2the topic sentences 3examplekey.

points：There are many benefits.One of them is to create a pleasant environment.

Para3：(1)Using plants to cover walls and rooftops can also keep cities cooler in the summer.(2)Buildings and roads absorb the sun’s heat and hold it，causing a building or neighborhood to stay warmer longer.(3)Plants，on the other hand，provide an enormous amount of shade.(4)There is evidence that growing a roof or wall garden can lower a building’s energy costs.

1the topic sentence 2，3the reason 4the result.

key points：Using plants to cover walls and rooftops can also keep cities cooler in the summer，and lower a building’s energy costs.

Para4： (1)In New York City，public schools plant rooftop gardens that can reduce heating and cooling costs.(2)In addition to saving the school money，teachers and parents love the gardens because of their educational value——it’s a fun and healthy way for their kids to investigate the world around them.(3)“For the children，it’s exciting when you grow something edible（可食用的），”said Lauren Fontana，principal of a New York public school.

1repetition 2the key sentence 3details.

key points：Teachers and parents love the gardens because of their educational value.

Para5：(1) Rooftop gardens and green walls may require a bit more effort to grow and maintain.(2)However，hard work always brings rewards，and with green spaces，the rewards are plentiful.

1，2并列轉折關系 key points：They require a bit more effort，but bring plentiful rewards.

2 Write

2.1 paraphrase

Tip1：change words and phrases（替換字詞）

Tip2：change the part of speech（改變詞性）

Tip3：change sentence patterns（改變句式）

（1）用主動與被動互換。（2）which的非限制性定語從句。（3）非謂語表達。（4）并列句。（5）It形式主語或者賓語。（6）狀語從句以及狀語從句的省略。（7）強調句等特殊句式。

2.2 practice

Para1：Because of limited space，rooftop gardens and green walls have been sprouting up.

(1)_____limited space，rooftop gardens and green walls have_____.（替換字詞）Keys：Due to emerged/appeared/enjoyed popularity

(2)_____(lack)space，the cities have witnessed the popularity of rooftop gardens and green walls.（非謂語表原因）Keys：Lacking in/lacking

Para2：There are many benefits.One of them is to create a pleasant environment.（替換字詞）Key：numerous/many/lots of advantages；offer；provide； foster； agreeable/enjoyable/joyful/delightful surroundings.

Para3：Using plants to cover walls and rooftops can also keep cities cooler in the summer and lower a building’s energy costs.

(1)_____a building’s energy_____.（同義替換）Keys：cut down/decrease/reduce/lessen expense/spending

(2)Using plants to cover walls and rooftops can also_____cities in the summer.（改變詞性）Keys：cool

Para4：Teachers and parents love the gardens because of their educational value.

(1)Teachers and parents_____the gardens for their educational function.（替換字詞）Keys：prefer/like/value

(2)The gardens_____by teachers and parents.（轉變語態）Keys：are valued for their educational function/role

(3)The gardens plays an important role in education，thus_____teachers and parents.(非謂語表結果)Keys：appealing to

Para5：They require a bit more efforts，but bring plentiful rewards.

(1)They require a bit more efforts，but_____（替換字詞）Keys：produce/create/ensure abundant/many/plenty of benefits

(2)_____(make more efforts)can green gardens produce ample rewards.（only倒裝句）Keys：Only by making more effortscan green gardens produce ample rewards.

2.3 Link sentences with connectives to make a passage

即：常用這幾個詞匯：

Besides，Additionally，In conclusion.

總之，概要寫作的應試要點主要是訓練學生兩點：第一點是概括文章主旨大意的能力；第二點是獨立性，即用自己的語言表達文章大意的能力。我相信只要我們就這兩點對學生進行有效訓練，學生概要寫作得高分將不再是夢。