蔡惠汝
【中圖分類號】G633.41 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089(2014)07-0108-02 “導學案”是引導學生自主學習、自主探究的學習方案。自主學習策略的核心是要發揮學習的主動性、積極性,充分體現學生的認知主體作用,其著眼點是如何幫助學生“學”。導學案的編寫目的是要促進學生有效學習,不僅要讓學生學到知識,還要讓學生知道怎樣學,獲得初步的語言學習素養,為終身學習奠定基礎。本文將結合導學案設計的幾個典型案例談一談導學案設計應遵循的原則。
一、創建新舊知識鏈接
導學案設計首先應注意新舊知識鏈接原則,鞏固前測知識,構建知識鏈,突出新的知識點和關鍵點,須化解的難點。如,學習非限制性定語從句一課的案例設計,老師第一步呈現限制性定語從句的相關例句,所含定語從句的知識點要全面,可采用單句翻譯法,漢譯英或英譯漢,挖空填關系代詞或關系副詞,讓學生自主學習,再構知識體系,第二步呈現非限制性定語從句的語料,學生判斷該類從句在形式上與前面的例句有什么差異,進而探究語言表達含義的差異,通過真實語料,感受兩種定語從句在含義上潛在的區別。新舊知識鏈接主要是搭臺階讓學生在原有知識積淀的基礎上,依托舊知識學好新知識。Unit 8 Adventure Lesson 3 Marco Polo (北師大版)導學案案例片段:
1.舊知識鞏固
2.知識鏈接
從課文中找出含有定語從句的例句,分類,并說出兩者之間的區別。
3.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句區別歸納
4.非限制性定語從句難點突破
①Another traffic accident has happened this month, ____ makes him deep in sorrow.
A. which B. that C. what D. as
②____ is known to us, our country has become one of the most influencing countries in the world.
A. Which B. That C. What D. As
二、知識整體性的構建
導學案區別于練習訓練,它不能被設計成拼盤式的習題集。導學案應該有貫穿于始終的中心任務,有明確的目標,學習的重難點,圍繞一個學習目標,分層遞進,進行循序漸進的學習構建,突出重點,顯示沖突,學習者通過導學案的引領,構建知識體系,在實踐中提升能力。比如:北師大版模塊六18單元第一課What Is Beauty課文閱讀導學案設計,該節課的重點是學生學會運用閱讀策略獲取主要信息,并以此推斷文章大意,同時學習議論文文體結構,學習議論文寫作。文章共有六段,信息量大,如何教學生處理紛繁復雜的信息,正確理解語句的意思是這節課的難點之一;怎樣把學習到的知識內化為能力,變輸入為輸出是另一個難點。要突破這兩個難點主要有以下幾個設計:1.設計活動,指導學生提取主要信息;2.設計問題,理解要點和難點信息;3.呈現議論文文體結構,讓學生掌握文體結構特點;4.構思寫作提綱,并通過交流來豐滿寫作內容。具體步驟:
1.關鍵詞學習
Key Words: Describing Beauty
astonishing, attractive, awesome, beautiful, brilliant, elegant, good-looking, handsome, leave me breathless, lovely, a real masterpiece, perfect, powerful, pretty, scenic, superb, superior, a thing of great beauty, unbelievable
2.Intensive Reading 精讀,獲取信息
分三次細讀:第一次盡量掌握課文信息;第二次在老師指導下理順信息;第三次確定信息,讀懂課文。老師主要用兩個圖表幫學生閱讀。
3.Reading check閱讀檢測
課文各細節清楚后,用四個問題的提問形式,把作者的主要觀點串起來,學生對文章所表達的信息從點到面都能掌握清楚了。這四道閱讀理解題是按閱讀策略幾方面設計的,第一道主題歸納,第二道細節串連,第三道句子的語義理解,第四道結論歸納。題目如下:
1)What is the authors view on beauty?(D)
A. Beauty changes with time.
B. Beauty changes with cultures.
C. Beauty can be divided into two kinds.
D. Beauty has more than one dimension.
2)Physical beauty includes ____. (C)
a. body shape b. clothes c. body art
d. a health conscience e. personal qualities
A. abe B. bca C. abc D. bde
3)If we take the same view on beauty, the society will ____. (B)
A. get better B. not exist
C. live on D. be more harmonious
4)Judging a persons inner beauty is much more subjective because ____. (A)
A. a persons inner beauty cant be judged by only one thing.
B. it is easy for people to judge it
C. inner beauty can be judged by the look
D. people are good at judging a persons inner beauty
4.寫作指導分為兩部分:1.分析文章結構;2.寫作指導。
1)分析文章結構
老師將議論文的文體結構呈現給學生,學生一起完成框架內容的填空。
Argument: There was no consistent view on beauty
Evidence:①physical beauty (time, culture)—no precise criteria
②Inner beauty(kindness, warmth, healthy conscience)—subjective
Conclusion: Beautiful is in the eye of the beholder.
2)寫作指導
題目:①Students should wear school suits
②School suits are suitable for students
學生構思寫作提綱,必須有三部分組成,論點、論據、結論,最后完成寫作。
三、激發學生學習思維
激發學習思維是導學案的靈魂,培養學生形成正確的語言思維習慣是新課程重要目標之一。導學案設計要有一定的思維空間,能促進新問題的生成,拓寬知識緯度和深度,讓學生在學習的過程中不斷地產生問題,探究問題,解決問題。如:描寫文寫作指導導學案設計:
Make up a story according to the following guide.
Stage1. Make up two events with the words drawn from the boxes and complete the title.
Title:A ______(happy, exciting, romantic, funny, sad, embarrassing…) Day in __ s life
Stage 2 I. List the events in the order that they happened. Add one more event if you need.
II. Put the reason and feelings in your story.
Stage3 Use narrative skills
Task I. Add more details to each event by using vivid language. Task II. Think of the beginning sentence that can catch the readers attention successfully.
And expressions to share your feelings with the reader in your writing:
Task III. Brainstorm: linking words and adjectives you learned
時間:_______________________________
因果:______________________________________
轉折:_______________________________________
其他:luckily, unfortunately, suddenly, guess what?
Adjectives:____________________________
四、活化知識,促進能力生成
導學案的設計不僅關注知識的學習與鞏固,更要注重知識內化與運用的設計。復述或轉述語言是輸入性知識獲得內化的體現。 如:一篇完形填空講評的導學案設計(2013年泉州市高三質量檢查)
1)將完形填空的語篇縮寫后,在重要的語言點上留空,讓學生填寫,檢查學生對語篇理解的深化程度。
My parents as well as I came to Irvine when I was a young child. I totally e____ living here and got along well with people around here. However, in my parents opinion, every day in Irvine was b____ but dull. Growing up in Irvine I could speak English as f____ as a native. But my parents werent able to a____ to the life like me since they have trouble c____ with others. Due to this problem I often worked as a translator between my parents and customers to get their words a____ to customers. It made me feel that I entered a world which was s____ to my parents when I stepped outside.
In terms of my mother, C____ was her home rather than Irvine. Nothing could ever d____ her unless it was something related to China. There were times I felt g____ about my own happiness in Irvine. I wondered if the idea that we came to Irvine was wrong.
2)在范文訓練的基礎上,學生自己再作二度創作,重述或縮寫文章,將輸入轉換成輸出,最終內化為能力。
五、學習后的反思與評價
評價是導學案重要的組成部分,“評價先于教學,評價與教學相融合”。課堂評價不僅關注學習過程評價,更要關注學習目標達成的評價。評價要有核心問題,指向明確,易操作,一方面要有助于老師了解學生學習情況,調整教學策略,提高教學效果,另一方面要有助于學生評價自己的學習效果,尋找差異,彌補缺漏。
如:描寫文寫作指導評價表設計
課堂教學導學案設計的五個原則是建立在課程目標關于綜合語言運用能力的5個維度上,將語言技能、語言知識、情感態度、學習策略和文化意識落實到導學案的設計里,符合新課改理念,有利于學生優化英語學習方式,使他們通過觀察、體驗、探究等積極主動的學習方法,充分發揮自己的學習潛能,形成有效的學習策略,提高自主學習的能力;有利于學生在英語學習過程中,提高獨立思考和判斷能力,發展與人溝通和合作的能力。總之,導學案的設計不僅要包含語言知識和語言能力的元素,更要滲透學生語言思維能力的培養,為今后的發展奠定較扎實的、可持續性的基礎。
參考文獻:
[1]專著:崔允漷. 有效教學〔M〕上海:華東師范大學出版社,2012.P30
[2]教育部2008. 普通高中英語新課程標準(實驗)〔M〕北京:人民教育出版社. P2-3
[3]電子文稿: 北京大學教育技術參考手冊,數字化教學研究中心.2005-2008 2.8教學模式與教學策略選擇
注:導學案部分案例選自于本市公開課