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由一句話引出的there be句型用法小結(jié)

2012-12-31 00:00:00段英俊

【摘 要】 本文針對課文中含有there be句型的一句話進(jìn)行探討,肯定了此種表達(dá)方式的正確性,圍繞there be句型在中學(xué)英語中的應(yīng)用,結(jié)合典型例句歸納總結(jié)了there be句型的基本用法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 there be;句型;用法

【中圖分類號】G642 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】B 【文章編號】2095-3089(2012)23-0267-02

人教課標(biāo)選修6 Unit4課文The earth is becoming warmer第41—45行有這樣一句話:On the other hand ,there are those ,like George hambley ,who are opposed to this view ,believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.由于課本和教師參考書對此句沒做解釋,大部分中學(xué)教師認(rèn)為本句沒有謂語動詞believe的主語,是錯誤的表達(dá)。他們認(rèn)為,首先,確定定語從句who are opposed to this view的先行詞是those,因為從句謂語動詞是復(fù)數(shù)are opposed...。其次,those是句子there are those的主語。那么,動詞believe的執(zhí)行者,即主語又是誰呢?所以,本句屬于無主句,或者是there be句型謂語動詞重復(fù)無連接,可以用三種方法來改:一種是去掉there are;另一種是把believe變成believing;第三種是在believe前加主語who。

(1)On the other hand,those like George hambley, who are opposed to this view ,believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.

(2)On the other hand ,there are those ,like George hambley ,who are opposed to this view ,believing that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.

(3)On the other hand ,there are those ,like George hambley ,who are opposed to this view ,who believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.

但實際上,根據(jù)我多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗來看,在中學(xué)階段此句可能是錯誤的,而且70%多的學(xué)生都會出現(xiàn)there be句型的同類錯誤用法,但在高級英語語法中是正確的,它是特定句型中的主語省略現(xiàn)象,此句省去了believe前的主語who。如:

There is somebody wants to see you.(定語從句中省去主語who,引自《高級英語語法》Page909薄冰,1990)

本文將對there be句型的用法做一歸納總結(jié),便于學(xué)生理解掌握。

1 there be句型只是一個簡單句的全部倒裝

根據(jù)英語語法中的倒裝規(guī)律,為了強調(diào),把副詞there和here放在句首,同時對句子進(jìn)行全部倒裝。There只是原句中的表語,本身沒有詞義,我們常用它來表示“某人或某物存在或不存在”,句子的結(jié)尾是時間或地點狀語。在具體應(yīng)用時應(yīng)注意一下幾點:

1.1 注意主謂一致。there be句型的主語是be后的名詞,there是表語,謂語動詞必須和最近的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。如:

There are many children and a little dog playing in the room.

許多孩子和一只小狗在房間里玩。

There is a foreign teacher and his Chinese students on the bus.

一個外教和他的中國學(xué)生在車上。

1.2 注意否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。謂語動詞be后加no或not變成否定句,be和there位置顛倒變成疑問句。如:

What is there on the desk?桌上有什么?

Is there an apple in the box?盒子里有蘋果嗎?

There is not a train tonight./There are no trains tonight.

今天晚上沒列車。

注意:反意疑問句應(yīng)與 there be 對應(yīng),而不是依據(jù)主語。如: There is a radio on the table, isn't there?

桌子上有一臺收音機,是吧? There are more than fifty students in your class, aren't there?

你們班有50多名學(xué)生,是吧?

There will never be any travellers in the valley, will there?

山谷里不會再有游覽者了,是吧?

1.3 注意時態(tài)。there be句型的時態(tài)體現(xiàn)在be的變化上,它可以有不同的時態(tài),還可以和各種助動詞或情態(tài)動詞連用,如:

There will be a meeting tomorrow.

明天要開會。

There have been many great changes in our county these years.

最近幾年我們縣發(fā)生了很大變化。

There was a big earthquake in Sichuan province last year.

去年四川省發(fā)生了大地震。

There must have been an earthquake last night,for we all felt like being in a boat.

昨天晚上肯定有地震,因為我們感到好像在小船上。

2 there be句型的特殊用法

2.1 在文學(xué)語言和較正式文體中,be可以被live,lie,sit,stand,exist, remain,等表示狀態(tài)的詞和appear,come,arise,follow,enter,arrive,rise, flow等表示動作的詞所替換。如:

There followed St Paul’s Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.(人教課標(biāo)必修5 Unit2,課本Page14課文Sightseeing in London)接著參觀的是1666年可怕的倫敦大火之后建造的圣保羅大教堂。

There sat a beautiful lady near the window,staring at the wall.

一個漂亮女士坐在桌子旁邊,目視墻壁。

There remains nothing for the people trapped in the building.

困在樓內(nèi)的人們什么也沒有。

There followed an enthusiastic reception by the host.

接下來是主人的熱情接待。

Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else.

從前,有一個最喜歡新衣服的皇帝。

Suddenly there entered a strange figure dressed all in black.

突然進(jìn)來一個穿一身黑的古怪家伙。

2.2 可以和一些短語結(jié)合使用,但be不能用其他詞替換。如與seem to ,happen to,used to,appear to等連用。

There seems to be something wrong with the car.

車似乎有問題了。

There happened to be a grammar book I was looking for in the bookstore.

書店里碰巧有我找的語法書。

There used to be a big dam near our village.

我們村子附近過去常有一個大壩。

There appear to be several criminals still hiding in the woods.

好像有幾個罪犯仍然藏在山林里。(此句不可說成There appears to be...因為句子主語是criminals)

2.3 there be句型的獨立成分用法,也就是用there to be和there being在句中充當(dāng)一個成分。如:

I don’t want there to be any more trouble when staying in a strange place.(賓語)在外地時我不想再有任何麻煩。

I’d like there to be wild animals for us to visit in the zoo. (賓語)我希望動物園里有野生動物讓我們?nèi)タ础?/p>

What’s the chance of there being an election in our school this year? (賓語) 今年在我們學(xué)校當(dāng)選的機會有多少?

There being a snowstorm,we had to put off the meeting. (狀語)由于暴風(fēng)雪的原因,我們不得不取消了這次會議。

There to be an important meeting to attend tomorrow,he must leave tonight. (狀語) 因為明天有重要的會議要參加,他今天晚上必須離開。

There standing/being a policeman opposite the bank will make us feel safe enough. (主語)警察在銀行對面使我們有足夠的安全感。

2.4 there be句型用來表示“在什么地方有人或物做什么事情”的常用句型,即“there be +名詞+分詞”,如:

教室里有許多學(xué)生正在討論問題。

There are many students discussing social problems in the classroom.

也可以這樣表達(dá):

Many students are discussing social problems in the classroom.

There are many students who discuss social problems in the classroom.

There are many students discuss social problems in the classroom.(中學(xué)階段罕見,僅見于高級英語語法)

草原上有成百上千只死于暴風(fēng)雪的牧羊。

1)There are hundreds of sheep dying in the big snowstorm on the grassland.

2)There are hundreds of sheep killed in the big snowstorm on the grassland.

也可以這樣表達(dá):

3)Hundreds of sheep were killed /died in the big snowstorm on the grassland.

4)There are hundreds of sheep which/that were killed /died in the big snowstorm on the grassland.

5) There are hundreds of sheep were killed /died in the big snowstorm on the grassland. (中學(xué)階段罕見,僅見于高級英語語法)

上面句1)中的die和sheep是主謂關(guān)系(主動關(guān)系),因此用現(xiàn)在分詞dying;而句2)中的kill和sheep是動賓關(guān)系(被動關(guān)系),因此用過去分詞killed。

There are/lie/live two men infected with AIDS in the room.

這間房子里有兩個感染了艾滋病毒的人。

There happened to be a poor woman looking for her missing boy in the woods yesterday.昨天在小樹林碰巧有一個找失蹤兒子的可憐婦女。

There are five minutes left now.

現(xiàn)在還有5分鐘。

2.5 用 “There be +名詞(表示物)+不定式”表示什么東西將要被......,常用主動形式表示被動意義,可以有主動和被動兩種形式,不過在口語中主動形式更為常見。如:

There is a paper to type today.

There is no time to lose.

There are many things to be done now.

注意:當(dāng)該句型主語是 something, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時,后面的不定式用主動形式或被動形式,意義各不同。 There is nothing to do. 沒有事可做。 There is nothing to be done. 沒有辦法(束手無策)。

2.6 “There is + no + 抽象名詞...... ”句型。

There is no sense in breaking away from his orgnization.

脫離他的組織沒意義。

Do you believe there is any point in trying?

伱認(rèn)為試試有用嗎?

There is no need to tell him the truth.

沒必要告訴他真相。

總之,there be句型是一個看似簡單但用法比較靈活的常用句型,只要我們平時多加注意,就會完全掌握它的基本用法。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]薄冰.1990.高級英語語法 [M].北京:高等教育出版社.

[2]人教版.2007.普通高中課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實驗教科書(英語)(第2版)[M].北京:人民教育出版社.

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