高 欣,張振玉,吳海露,胡可偉,姜宗丹,楊小兵,王勁松
南京醫科大學附屬南京第一醫院1.消化科;2.病理科,江蘇 南京 210006
雷貝拉唑對NSAIDs相關小腸損傷大鼠緊密連接蛋白Occludin表達的影響及其機制
高 欣1,張振玉1,吳海露1,胡可偉1,姜宗丹1,楊小兵2,王勁松2
南京醫科大學附屬南京第一醫院1.消化科;2.病理科,江蘇 南京 210006
目的 探討雷貝拉唑對非甾體類抗炎藥(NSAIDs)相關性小腸損傷大鼠緊密連接蛋白Occludin表達的影響及可能的機制。方法 將36只SD大鼠隨機平均分為陰性對照組、雙氯酚酸損傷組和雷貝拉唑處理組。采用雙氯酚酸7.5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,連續4 d,制造大鼠NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷模型;而雷貝拉唑處理組在每次造模前0.5 h予以15 mg/(kg·d)雷貝拉唑灌胃處理,連續4 d。處死大鼠進行大體及病理觀察小腸損傷情況,采用免疫組織化學和Western blot方法檢測小腸組織中Occludin和磷酸化ERK(p-ERK)蛋白表達水平的變化。結果 雷貝拉唑處理組大鼠大體和病理損傷均低于損傷組(P<0.05)。Occludin蛋白在損傷組中表達較對照組明顯下降(P<0.05),而在雷貝拉唑處理組中的表達較損傷組上升(P<0.05);與陰性對照組相比,p-ERK蛋白在損傷組中表達上升(P<0.05),在雷貝拉唑處理組中的表達較損傷組下降(P<0.05)。結論 雷貝拉唑對大鼠NSAIDs相關性損傷有保護作用,其機制可能是通過MAPK中的ERK途徑,增加小腸上皮組織中Occludin蛋白表達,從而增強腸黏膜屏障功能。
雷貝拉唑;NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷;Occludin蛋白;MAPK/ERK信號通路
非甾體抗炎藥(NSAIDs)臨床應用日趨廣泛,NSAIDs相關性消化道反應也日益受到關注,但長期以來,NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷一直被人們忽視。近年來,隨著膠囊內鏡和雙氣囊小腸鏡檢查的普及,研究已發現NSAIDs相關的小腸損傷在使用NSAIDs患者中發生并不罕見,損傷程度甚至超過了胃損傷[1]。質子泵抑制劑(PPI)對NSAIDs相關性胃黏膜損傷有很好的保護作用,而對NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷的影響則存在一定爭議。本實驗旨在研究雷貝拉唑對大鼠NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷及其緊密連接蛋白Occludin表達的影響,并探討其可能的機制。
1.1 材料 2個月齡體質量180~200 g的健康雄性SD大鼠30只(由南京醫科大學附屬南京第一醫院動物實驗中心提供);雷貝拉唑鈉腸溶片(商品名:信衛安,產品批號:110503)由上海信誼藥廠有限公司饋贈,雙氯酚酸鈉雙釋放腸溶膠囊(商品名:戴芬,產品批號:91184)購自德國Temmler Werke GmbH公司,兩種藥物均溶于生理鹽水中,經超聲乳化后制成懸濁液;磷酸化 ERK(p-ERK)、Occludin抗體購自 cell signal公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 動物分組:將30只大鼠隨機分為3組,每組10只:1組,陰性對照組;2組,雙氯酚酸損傷組;3組,雷貝拉唑處理組。
1.2.2 動物造模:除陰性對照組外,其他兩組大鼠按照雙氯酚酸7.5 mg/kg劑量進行灌胃,1次/d,連續4 d,制造大鼠急性胃黏膜損傷模型。每次造模前0.5 h,雷貝拉唑處理組予15 mg/kg劑量雷貝拉唑進行灌胃,1次/d,其余組大鼠同時予以等體積生理鹽水灌胃,連續給藥4 d。以上所有大鼠每次灌胃液體量均按10 mL/kg計算。末次灌胃后所有大鼠禁食不禁水18 h,以10%水合氯醛按3 mL/kg行腹腔注射麻醉處死動物,取小腸組織。
1.2.3 大體觀察及損傷評分:沿腸系膜對側切開小腸,PBS沖洗干凈后,于解剖顯微鏡(10×)下觀察,按照修改后的Reuter方法進行小腸損傷情況評分:未見明顯損傷為0分;局灶性充血,但未見潰瘍形成為1分;有潰瘍形成,但無充血及腸管增厚為2分;潰瘍形成伴炎性反應(一處)為3分;潰瘍形成伴炎癥反應(兩處及兩處以上)為4分;當主要病變部位長度在1~2 cm之間為5分;當主要病變部位長度>2 cm時為6分;當腸管出現輕度粘連(很容易解除的粘連)時計分增加1分,出現明顯粘連時計分增加2分。
1.2.4 組織學觀察及病理學計分:將小腸組織4%中性甲醛固定24 h,經常規脫水、透明、石蠟包埋切片,HE染色,光鏡下觀察小腸組織的病理學變化,按照Chiu方法進行病理損傷評分:0分(腸黏膜絨毛正常);1分(絨毛頂端上皮下出現囊狀間隙,伴毛細血管充血);2分(上皮下間隙擴大,固有層中度水腫,中央乳糜管擴張);3分(固有層明顯水腫,腸黏膜上皮層細胞變性壞死,少數絨毛頂端上皮脫落);4分(上皮層細胞變性壞死、脫落,部分絨毛脫落,固有層裸露,毛細血管擴張、充血);5分(絨毛脫落,固有層崩解,出血或潰瘍形成)。
1.2.5 Occludin免疫組織化學染色:采用 Envision法,石蠟切片脫蠟至水,蛋白酶E 37℃ 10 min消化,PBS沖洗,加 Occludin抗體(1∶60)4℃過夜,PBS沖洗,加Envision二抗37℃ 30 min,PBS沖洗,DAB顯色,鏡下控制顯色時間,蘇木精復染、脫水、透明、樹膠封片。觀察染色為棕褐色的陽性細胞的百分比進行綜合判定:陽性細胞數<10%為陰性(-),10% ~20%為弱陽性(+),20% ~50%為中等陽性(++),>50%為強陽性(+++)。
1.2.6 Western blot分析:取約 100 mg 小腸組織,加入蛋白裂解液,4℃裂解,10 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清為全蛋白提取物,將蛋白提取物與蛋白上樣緩沖液混合,煮沸5 min,分裝保存于-80℃冰箱。進行SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳、轉膜,封閉后加入一抗4℃過夜。再加入辣根過氧化物酶標記的二抗,孵育后ECL法顯色于X光片后照相,以β-actin作為內參照,使用Image J 1.44p軟件分析目的蛋白條帶灰度值與內參照β-actin條帶灰度值的比值,作為目的蛋白相對表達量。
1.3 統計學處理 采用SPSS v17.0軟件進行處理及分析,各組損傷指數以中位數表示,統計數據采用兩個獨立樣本的秩和檢驗,統計量采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;Western blot實驗數據用x-±s表示,統計數據采用兩個獨立樣本的t檢驗;P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2.1 各組大鼠小腸組織大體及病理學觀察
2.1.1 大體觀察:陰性對照組大鼠小腸組織未見明顯損傷;雙氯酚酸損傷組小腸損傷較重,腹腔內可見腸管粘連、水腫、擴張,小腸黏膜可見多處散發充血、糜爛及片狀潰瘍;而雷貝拉唑處理組腸管粘連及水腫不明顯,小腸黏膜可見少量散在點狀糜爛及小潰瘍。
2.1.2 病理觀察:陰性對照組黏膜上皮結構完整,形態正常,未見潰瘍及糜爛;雙氯酚酸損傷組小腸絨毛結構消失,可見壞死、糜爛及潰瘍形成,固有層可見炎細胞浸潤,部分黏膜上皮結構完全破壞;而雷貝拉唑處理組也可見部分壞死及潰瘍形成,但較損傷組明顯減輕,大部分黏膜上皮結構尚完整。
2.1.3 大體及病理學損傷評分:雙氯酚酸損傷組大體和病理評分明顯高于陰性對照組(P=0.000);雷貝拉唑處理組大體和病理評分與損傷組相比均降低,差異具有統計學意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.2 小腸組織Occludin蛋白免疫組織化學染色 根據免疫組織化學染色結果,陰性對照組中Occludin蛋白分布于小腸黏膜上皮細胞膜,呈表達強棕褐色信號,強陽性表達率為60%(6/10);損傷組Occludin蛋白表達明顯減弱,呈低表達,強陽性表達率為10%(1/10);雷貝拉唑處理組可觀察到Occludin蛋白的棕褐色信號表達較損傷組高,強陽性表達率為40%(4/10)(見圖1、表2)。
2.3 Western blot檢測小腸組織Occludin和p-ERK蛋白表達水平 損傷組小腸組織Occludin蛋白的表達明顯低于對照組(P<0.05),而雷貝拉唑處理組Occludin蛋白的表達高于損傷組(P<0.05);損傷組中p-ERK蛋白的表達明顯高于對照組(P<0.05),而雷貝拉唑處理組p-ERK蛋白的表達低于損傷組(P<0.05,見圖 2、表 3)。

表1 各組大鼠小腸組織大體及病理損傷計分中位數比較(n=10)Tab 1 Comparison of general and pathological injury scores in each group(n=10)

圖1 各組小腸組織Occludin蛋白免疫組織化學染色表達水平(100×)A:陰性對照組;B:雙氯酚酸損傷組;C:雷貝拉唑處理組Fig 1 Expression of Occludin protein immunohistochemical staining in each group(100×) A:negative control group;B:cliclofenal injury group;C:Kabeprazole treated group

表2 各組免疫組織化學胃黏膜組織Occludin蛋白表達水平Tab 2 Comparison of expression of Occludin protein immunohistochemical staining in each group

圖2 各組小腸組織Occludin和p-ERK蛋白Western blot表達結果 1:陰性對照組;2:雙氯酚酸損傷組;3:雷貝拉唑處理組Fig 2 ExpressionResultsof Occludin and p-ERK protein for small intestinal tissue in each group by Western blot 1:negative control group;2:diclofenal injury group;3:rabeprazole treated group
表3 各組大鼠小腸組織 Occludin/β-actin和p-ERK/β-actin表達水平比較(±s)Tab 3 Comparison of Occludin/β-actin and p-ERK/β-actin expression for rat intestinal tissue in each group(±s)

表3 各組大鼠小腸組織 Occludin/β-actin和p-ERK/β-actin表達水平比較(±s)Tab 3 Comparison of Occludin/β-actin and p-ERK/β-actin expression for rat intestinal tissue in each group(±s)
與陰性對照組相比,*P<0.05;與雙氯酚酸損傷組相比,#P<0.05
組別Occludin p-ERK陰性對照組0.55 ±0.13 0.20 ±0.04雙氯酚酸損傷組 0.07 ±0.03* 1.31 ±0.12*雷貝拉唑處理組 0.42 ±0.08# 0.53 ±0.06#
近來有研究發現,質子泵抑制劑(PPI)不僅能夠減少胃酸分泌,而且具有抗炎抗氧化的作用[2]。研究表明,PPI對NSAIDs相關性胃損傷具有保護作用[3-5],而對NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷的影響并未取得統一意見:有部分研究者認為,PPI對NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷具有保護作用,其中以蘭索拉唑、雷貝拉唑效果較明顯[6-8];另有部分研究者卻發現,PPI與NSAIDs合用時對小腸的損傷較單用NSAIDs時更嚴重[9-10]。臨床中NSAIDs經常需要與PPI聯用,因此明確PPI對NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷的影響對指導臨床用藥具有很大的意義。
本實驗參考了陳漢卿等[8]以雙氯酚酸制造大鼠NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷模型的方法,減少雙氯酚酸的用藥時間(由5 d減少為4 d),實驗過程中未發現有大鼠提前死亡的情況,處死后亦可觀察到大鼠明顯的小腸損傷,造模成功。實驗結果發現,與損傷組相比,雷貝拉唑處理組大鼠小腸的大體和病理損傷情況均明顯減輕(P<0.05)。因此,在本實驗,我們認為雷貝拉唑對NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷有保護作用。
Occludin蛋白是緊密連接中最重要的組成蛋白之一,對緊密連接的構成、黏膜屏障的維持起關鍵作用。在腸黏膜上皮中,當Occludin蛋白表達發生變異、減少、缺失時,可導致腸黏膜屏障功能障礙,黏膜通透性增高,從而引起小腸黏膜損傷[11-12]。本實驗中,在雙氯酚酸損傷后,大鼠小腸組織中Occludin蛋白表達明顯下降,而經過雷貝拉唑處理的大鼠,Occludin蛋白則較損傷組上調表達,與大體及病理結果一致,提示雷貝拉唑的保護作用與上調小腸黏膜中Occludin蛋白表達有關。
細胞外信號調節激酶/絲裂原活化蛋白激酶通路(ERK/MAPK)是經典的細胞信號轉導途徑,具有調節細胞增殖、分化、凋亡等多重功能。ERK/MAPK信號通路在NSAIDs相關性消化道損傷過程中扮演重要角色,ERK/MAPK信號通路的激活參與了NSAIDs相關性胃腸道損傷的過程[13-14]。另有研究[15-16]發現,ERK信號通路對包括Occludin在內的多種緊密連接蛋白的表達起到重要的調節作用,ERK蛋白能夠通過自身磷酸化的過程調控Occludin蛋白的表達,進而影響黏膜屏障功能。結合本實驗中ERK蛋白在損傷組磷酸化程度明顯增加,而處理組的磷酸化程度較損傷組減輕,我們認為,ERK/MAPK信號通路參與了雷貝拉唑對大鼠小腸黏膜的保護過程,可能與調節緊密連接蛋白Occludin的表達有關。
基于以上結果,我們認為,雷貝拉唑對大鼠NSAIDs相關性小腸損傷具有保護作用,其可能是通過MAPK中ERK途徑,上調緊密連接蛋白Occludin的表達,進而增強腸上皮黏膜屏障功能而實現的。本實驗僅對雷貝拉唑的腸黏膜保護作用進行了初步探索,其他質子泵抑制劑是否具有同樣的保護作用和機制,仍需后續研究進一步證實。
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The effects and mechanism of rabeprazole on tight junction protein occludin expression in rats with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)induced small intestinal injury
GAO Xin1,ZHANG Zhenyu1,WU Hailu1,HU Kewei1,JIANG Zongdan1,YANG Xiaobing2,WANG Jinsong2
1.Department of Gastroenterology;2.Department of Pathology,Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210006,China
ObjectiveTo explore the effects and mechanism of rabeprazole on tight junction protein occludin expression in rats with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)induced small intestinal injury.Methods36 SD rats were randomly and equally divided into control group,injury group and rabeprazole treated group.Except control group,rats of other two groups were gavaged with diclofenac 7.5 mg/(kg·d),once daily to make NSAIDs related small intestinal injury model.The treated group was gavaged with rabeprazola 15 mg/(kg·d)once daily 0.5 h before the administration of diclofenac.Continuous administration for four days and then executed,small intestinal tissues were taken and observed for gross and pathology changes.Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the distribution and expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction protein occludin.The expression of phosphorylation-ERK(p-ERK)was determined by Western blot.ResultsCompared with injury group,the gross and tissue injury scores of rabeprazole treated group significantly decreased(P <0.05).The expression of occludin in injury group was decreased significantly compared with normal group(P <0.05),however,rabeprazole treated group decreased lightly(P <0.05).Significant activation of ERK were more obvious in injury group than that in normal group(P <0.05),but pretreatment with rabeprazole could inhibit the activation of ERK(P <0.05).ConclusionRabeprazole has a protective effect on NSAIDs induced small intestinal injury in rats,probably increasing the expression of tight junction protein occludin by acting ERK signaling pathways.
Rabeprazole;NSAIDs related small intestinal injury;Occludin;MAPK/ERK
R574
A
1006-5709(2012)08-0771-04
2012-01-27
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2012.08.025
高欣,在讀碩士。E-mail:gx_198824@sina.com
張振玉,E-mail:ahwangzhibing776@163.com