名詞性從句在語法填空中經常出現,學好它,對閱讀理解也大有好處。名詞性從句主要注意以下幾個問題:
①連接詞的選擇
②用whether不用if的場合
③that和what 在名詞性從句中的區別
④that引導的定語從句與同位語從句的區別
⑤whoever和who引導名詞性從句時的區別
⑥命令,建議,要求等的詞引導的名詞性從句
1.連接詞
名詞性從句的連接詞按其在從句中所起的作用分為:
1)連接代詞:who(-ever), what(-ever), which(-ever), whom(-ever), whose
2)連接副詞:when, where, why, how
3)連接詞(表示是否):whether, if
4)連接詞(無意義):that
連接代詞和連接副詞在從句中充當一定的句子成分,連接代詞在從句中可以做主語,賓語,表語,定語,連接副詞在從句中作狀語。而連接詞在從句中不充當句子成分,只起連接作用。
2.名詞性從句中的whether和if
①在主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句及介詞的賓語從句中遇“是否”句用whether引導而不用if;在動詞賓語從句中whether和if??蓳Q用。
We are interested in whether he will agree with us or not.
Whether he will come is unknown.
②作動詞discuss的賓語時
Let’s discuss whether he is fit for the job.
③其后接動詞不定式時
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
3.名詞性從句中的what和that
what和that的選用一直是學生學習的一個難點,正確選擇的關鍵是看該從句結構是否相對完整、是否缺少主語、賓語或表語等成分而定。如缺少成分用what。如不缺少成分用that,that在從句中不做任何成分,也沒有意義。
What he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.
That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present.
The problem is what we should do to protect the earth.
The fact is that we should do something to protect the earth.
4.that引導的同位語從句與定語從句的區別:
The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.
The suggestion (that/which) he gave me at the meeting is very good.
對比發現上句中的that只起連接作用,在從句中不充當任何成分, 因此它引導的是同位語從句,其中that不能省略;下句中that不僅起引導作用,同時在從句中還充當了動詞gave的賓語,因此它是定語從句,此時that可用which代替,又因其在定語從句中充當賓語,故又可省略。
5.由whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever引導的名詞性從句
這些詞引導的名詞性從句相當于帶有定語從句的名詞詞組:whoever=anyone who…“任何……的人”;whomever是它的賓格形式whatever=anything that… “任何……的物”whichever=any … that… “任何……的(已知范圍內的或上文提到過的)人或物”
由who等疑問詞引導的名詞性從句有疑問語氣。而whoever等詞引導的名詞性從句卻無疑問語氣。
The problem is who will go shopping with you.
Whoever saved the girl would be praised.
6.名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
表示“命令、建議或要求”等詞義出現時,不管是在哪一種從句中,常用虛擬語氣,從句中的謂語動詞形式為(should)+ 動詞原形,其中should可省略。常用詞有insist, suggest, order, demand, request等。
I suggest that you (should) give up smoking.
It is requested that the plan (should) be carried out as soon as possible.
(作者單位:河北省唐山市灤南一中)