情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“肯”的認(rèn)知闡述

摘 要:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“肯”在情態(tài)中處于中心地位，其語(yǔ)義擴(kuò)展機(jī)制為隱喻和換喻;空間合成理論可用于對(duì)“肯”的在線理解。“肯”與現(xiàn)實(shí)體“了”、靜態(tài)持續(xù)體“著”、起始體“起來(lái)”、經(jīng)歷體“過(guò)”和繼續(xù)體“下去”連用時(shí)一般只能用于否定、疑問(wèn)和條件句中。與“肯”連用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞主要是認(rèn)識(shí)情態(tài)。“肯”有積極性特征，一般只能選擇“正向義動(dòng)詞”作“主動(dòng)詞”;負(fù)向義的動(dòng)詞一般不出現(xiàn)在“肯”的肯定式里，但可以出現(xiàn)在“肯”的否定式、疑問(wèn)式或條件句里。

關(guān)鍵詞:“肯”;概念隱喻;換喻;空間合成;語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)范式

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]H030

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A

[文章編號(hào)]1006-2831(2009)12-0100-4

Abstract: “Ken” is a central member in the category of Chinese modal verbs. Its meaning has been extended through the mechanism of conceptual metaphor and metonymy and its online mechanism can be explained by Space Blending theory. “Ken” generally appears in negative， interrogative， and conditional sentences when it is used with “l(fā)iao” which belongs to reality aspect， “zhao” which belongs to static durative aspect， “qi lai” which belongs to inceptive aspect， “guo” which indicates the completion of a behavior or an event， and “ xia qu” which is durative. The modal verbs which can be used with “ken” are mainly epistemic ones. As “ken” has “positive” implications， it usually chooses verbs with positive meanings as the main verbs， therefore verbs with negative meanings usually do not follow “ken” in the declarative sentences， but they do in the negative， interrogative and conditional ones.

Key words: “ken”， conceptual metaphor， metonymy， space blending， grammar schemas

1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義與分類(lèi)

有關(guān)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義和分類(lèi)有很多種，限于篇幅，本文不對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義和分類(lèi)作詳盡描述，而只是簡(jiǎn)要探討生成語(yǔ)法學(xué)家代表Chomsky、功能語(yǔ)法學(xué)家代表Halliday和情態(tài)研究者Palmer對(duì)情態(tài)的定義，然后將重點(diǎn)放在認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的定義和分類(lèi)。

受傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法的影響，轉(zhuǎn)換生成語(yǔ)法將情態(tài)僅限于情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。該理論認(rèn)為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有過(guò)去分詞、動(dòng)名詞以及第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式，而實(shí)義動(dòng)詞卻具有以上所述兩項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)，因此這二項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)被視作區(qū)分實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(Radford， 2000: 59)和Halliday(2000: 88-89)認(rèn)為情態(tài)是正負(fù)極之間的中間級(jí)，分為建議(proposal)和陳述(proposition)兩種。陳述指的是在肯定與否定之間的級(jí)，建議是在允許和禁止之間的級(jí)。而陳述和建議的中間級(jí)均可用情態(tài)運(yùn)算式來(lái)表達(dá)，此處的情態(tài)運(yùn)算式即相當(dāng)于傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Palmer(2007: 7-10)將情態(tài)分為命題情態(tài)和事件情態(tài)。……