Research advances in immunotherapy for prostate cancer
NIU Yuanjie,YU Jianpeng,WANG Keruo (Department of Urology,The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin )
ABSTRACT:Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant eficacyin hematologic malignancies andcertain solid tumors,but its efficacy forprostatecancerremains suboptimal.This is largelydue to theimmunosuppresive tumor microenvironment, which involves factors such as tumor heterogeneitya paucityof infiltrating lymphocytes,and the absenceof inflammatory features.Therefore,developing novelimmunotherapeutic targetsandcombining multipleimmunotherapymodalies toactivate the host immune system andreverse the immunosuppesive tumor microenvironmentare crucialforimproving immunotherapy for prostatecancer.This reviewsystematicallysummarizes thecurrentresearchonprostatecancer immunotherapycoverig the chalenges andadvancesof prostatecancervaccines,theapplicationof immunecheckpointinhibitors,targeted therapeutic strategies involvingchimericantigenreceptorTcels,bispecificantibodies,andemerging strategiesinprostatecancer immunotherapy.Furthermore,the review discuses thefuture directions for the development of prostate cancer immunotherapy.
KEY WORDS: prostate cancer; immunotherapy;cancer vaccine;immune checkpoint inhibitor
中圖分類號:R737.2 文獻標志碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2025.08.001
前列腺癌在美國男性惡性腫瘤中發病率居首位,死亡率居第2位。2024年美國前列腺癌新增病例預計達到299010例,占男性所有新發癌癥病例的29%[1] 。我國前列腺癌的發病率也呈逐年上升趨勢,這與人口老齡化及篩查技術的不斷進步等因素密切相關[2]。盡管前列腺癌根治性切除術、雄激素剝奪療法(androgendeprivationtherapy,ADT)、放療、化療等已成為前列腺癌的常規治療手段,但上述方法對于轉移性和晚期前列腺癌的療效依然有限。前列腺癌免疫療法的開發以及與傳統療法的綜合應用,有望通過增強免疫反應彌補傳統療法的不足,為晚期前列腺癌患者提供新的治療選擇和希望。
免疫療法可通過激活機體的適應性免疫應答,靶向原發腫瘤和轉移灶,從而有效識別并殺傷癌細胞,已成為癌癥治療領域的前沿策略。近年來,免疫檢查點抑制劑(immunecheckpoint inhibitor,ICI)和嵌合抗原受體 T細胞療法(chimericantigenreceptor T-celltherapy,CAR-T)等多種免疫療法已獲批用于臨床,并在黑色素瘤、腎細胞癌、肺癌及血液系統惡性腫瘤等多種癌癥的治療中取得了突破性進展[3]。
相比之下,前列腺癌患者從免疫治療中獲益有限,目前認為主要原因是前列腺癌是一種免疫“冷\"腫瘤,具有低腫瘤突變負荷和抗原表達、免疫抑制性腫瘤微環境以及多種免疫逃逸機制[4]。盡管前列腺癌表達多種腫瘤相關抗原,如前列腺特異性膜抗原(prostate-specificmembraneantigen,PSMA)、前列腺干細胞抗原(prostate stem cell antigen,PSCA)、前列腺酸性磷酸酶(prostate acid phosphatase,PAP)、前列腺六次跨膜上皮抗原1(six-transmembraneepithelialantigenofprostate1,STEAPl)等,其突變率僅為 0.9%[5] 。前列腺癌的DNA損……