Research progress on en bloc resection of bladder tumor: surgical techniques and pathological assessment
HAO Zihan,JIANG Ning,YANG Rong,GUO Hongqian
(Department of Urology,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,the Afiliated Hospital of Nanjing University
Medical School,Nanjing 210008,China)
ABSTRACT:En bloc resectionof bladder tumor(ERBT),asaninnovative procedure forconventional transurethralresection of bladder tumor(cTURBT),has become an important treatment option for non-muscle invasive bladdercancer(NMIBC). AlthoughERBThas beenrecommended byinternational guidelines,itstechnical standardization,verificationof long-term survival benefitsandstratificationof indicationsarestillthefocusoffutureresearch.Thisarticlefistprovidesanoverviewof the surgical techniquesofERBT,and then elaboratesontheadvantages anddisadvantagesofthethreeenergysourcesof ERBT, namely,electrocauteryasendHybidknife.Iersofpathologicalsessment,urrentesearchsuggeststattectio of detrusor muscle in surgicalspecimens canreflect thequalityof the surgery.The integrityof pathological specimes and diagnosticconsistency have promoted the progressof sub-staging of Tlbladercancer and havealsodriven more research on microscopic indicatorsrelated toprognosis.Finally,this articlereviews whetherrepeated transurethralresectioncanbeavoided to help optimize individualized treatment for bladder tumor.
KEYWORDS:en blocresectionof bladder tumor;transurethralresectionof bladder tumor;bladdercancer;surgical techniques; pathology
中圖分類號:R737.14 文獻標志碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291. 2025. 08. 014
膀胱癌在全球范圍內的發病率位居第9位,在男性群體中是第6常見的惡性腫瘤[1]。傳統經尿道膀胱腫瘤切除術(conventional transurethralresectionofbladdertumor,cTURBT)長期以來被視為膀胱癌治療的金標準。然而,cTURBT存在內在的局限性。首先,該技術通過內鏡操作將膀胱腫瘤組織切碎并分塊取出,無法完全遵循腫瘤外科的規范原則,且切除過程中散落的腫瘤碎片有再種植于膀胱壁的風險。其次,腫瘤組織的碎片化會影響標本的完整性,進而影響對腫瘤分期的準確判斷。此外,逼尿肌(detrusormuscle,DM)的活檢率常常不理想。多項研究表明,首次行cTURBT后常存在腫瘤殘留[2-3],其中約有 36%~86% 的殘留腫瘤在原發部位,患者的復發率高達 75%[4] 。同時由于標本的碎片化,約25% 的肌層浸潤性膀胱癌(muscleinvasivebladdercancer,MIBC)的分期可能會被低估[5]。膀胱癌作為泌尿系統最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其高發病率與高復發率給當前的治療帶來了重大挑戰。與cTURBT相比,膀胱腫瘤整塊切除術(enblocresectionofbladdertumor,ERBT)能夠完整切除腫瘤,避免切碎腫瘤帶來的腫瘤播散種植的潛在風險,從而在理論上提高DM的檢出率,提供更完整的病理標本,并降低術中并發癥的發生率和復發風險[6]。HUANG等[7]的研究表明,ERBT術后可能降低腫瘤播散人循環系統的風險。香港中文大學開展的一項多中心隨機對照試驗結果表明,在276例非肌層浸潤性膀胱癌(non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)患者中,ERBT組復發率為 28% ,低于cTURBT組的38% ,ERBT可以顯著降低術后12個月的復發率[8]。
總而言之,ERBT是一項具有潛力的技術,歐洲泌尿外科學會《EAU Guidelines on Non-MuscleInvasiveBladderCancer(TaT1 and CIS)》指南中將ERBT和cTURBT均列為NMIBC的標準治療方式[9]。……