New materials enable new functions: a review of the research progress of new ureteral stents from a fuctional perspective
YANG Heyu,CHEN Weijun,XUE Yifeng (Department of Urology,Changzhou Jintan First People's Hospital,Changzhou 2132Oo,China)
ABSTRACT:As researchon material functionality inureteral stents continues to advance,novel ureteral stents notonly effectivelyreducethe incidenceofcomplications,butalsoexhibitarangeof inovative functionalities.Novelureteral stents with diverse functionalities have ben developed throughapproaches such asreplacing synthetic materials,aplying new coatings,and modifying existing stentstructures.These innovative designs include fiber-membrane composite stents,metalnanomaterial stents,drug-elutingcoated stents,and magnetic-tipstents.This articlereviews thecharacteristics andcurent research statusof ureteral stentsbasedon their specializedaplications,including the inhibitionof bacterial infections, aleviationofstent-related symptoms,reductionof peri-stentcalculi,asistance inthe treatmentof ureteral strictures,and other potential benefits.
KEY WORDS:ureteral stents; complications; new materials; stent-related symptoms
中圖分類號(hào):R693.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2025.08.013
輸尿管支架作為泌尿外科常用的臨時(shí)置入物,在輔助治療尿石癥、減輕上尿路梗阻、促進(jìn)輸尿管愈合以及預(yù)防輸尿管狹窄等方面發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用[1]。然而,傳統(tǒng)的輸尿管支架在取得良好臨床療效的同時(shí),卻存在著諸如引起尿路感染、腰腹部不適、性功能障礙等并發(fā)癥,以及形成管周結(jié)石,受壓后易變形等不足,對(duì)治療效果和患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量造成了嚴(yán)重的影響。近年來(lái),隨著輸尿管支架材料功能學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,一系列通過(guò)更換合成材料、覆蓋新涂層、改裝現(xiàn)有的支架等方式被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的新型輸尿管支架,在減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的同時(shí),還展現(xiàn)出多種新功能,可滿足不同的臨床需求。本文根據(jù)新型輸尿管支架的功能進(jìn)行分類,總結(jié)不同功能的輸尿管支架的特點(diǎn)和研究現(xiàn)狀。
1抑制細(xì)菌感染
在輸尿管支架相關(guān)并發(fā)癥中,尿路感染的發(fā)病率尤為突出,長(zhǎng)期留置支架的患者更易引發(fā)復(fù)雜性尿路感染,并且預(yù)防應(yīng)用抗生素不能降低支架相關(guān)尿路感染的發(fā)生率[3-5]。研究表明,細(xì)菌粘附到支架表面后開(kāi)始分泌細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),并逐步形成細(xì)菌生物膜,而生物膜能夠降低細(xì)菌對(duì)抗生素的敏感性,促使細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生耐藥性[6。因此,當(dāng)前主要采用更換輸尿管支架原材料或在支架表面涂覆新涂層的方式來(lái)阻礙細(xì)菌和蛋白質(zhì)的粘附并抑制生物膜的形成[7-8]。GAO[9]等使用聚乙醇酸(glycolicacid,PGA)和聚(乙交酯-丙交酯)(polyglycolide-co-lactide,PGLA)制備出 PGA纖維-PGLA膜結(jié)構(gòu)的生……