非對峙型受虐婦女殺夫案的出罪進路

中圖分類號：D924 文獻標志碼：A 文章編號：1673-3851（2025）06-0366-09

The path to exoneration in non-confrontational cases battered women who kill their husbs： An exploration the theory limited self-defense

Abstract： The path exculpation in the case murder husb by non-confrontational battered women needs the reasonable construction the doctrine criminal law. The theory defensive emergency avoidance breaks through the nature the priority the right to life，while there is an interpretative contradiction between the requirement traditional justifiable defense \"ongoingilegal infringement\" the interval domestic violence，so they are both not reasonable solutions. It is necessary to construct a limited view justifiable defense through doctrine：taking the existence real imminent danger as the prerequisite for determining the timeliness justifiable defense；the act counter-kiling can be considered as justifiable self-defense only when the cycle violence exists in reality， the abused woman does not have a reasonable effective remedy， the abuser has made explicit threats lethal violence or it is reasonable to infer that the next aggravated violent act is imminent. On this basis，the paper classifies various situations this kind case makes substantive judgment by applying restrictive justifiable defense， so as to realize the accurate identification the criminal responsibility battered women.

Key words： battered women； justifiable defense； defensive emergency hedging；domestic violence cycle

非對峙型受虐婦女殺夫案，指的是長期遭受丈夫家暴的妻子，在非對抗的情況下，趁丈夫處于熟睡或其他不能抵抗的狀態時將其殺害的案件。近年來，該類案件中受虐婦女的刑事責任認定問題受到社會廣泛關注，并成為學界研究的重點方向之一。

以姚某故意殺人案①、張某故意殺人案②以及吳某故意殺人案③為例，這類案件的共性在于，受虐婦女以長期遭受家暴或面臨死亡威脅作為辯護理由，并希望以此說明殺人行為的非主動性與正當性。由于缺乏司法解釋的權威認同④及傳統教義學的理論支持，司法實踐對該類情形一般不予出罪考慮，至多作為量刑情節進行判斷。如此判決往往與公眾樸素的道德觀相悖，因此頻頻引發社會輿論風波。

犯罪學研究指出，長期家暴對婦女形成了嚴重的威嚇控制，從而導致受虐婦女在長期恐懼的心理因素支配下從受害者轉變為加害者[1]。對此，刑法學界開始探索受虐婦女出罪的合理路徑，利用正當防衛成立條件緩和理論[2]、防御性緊急避險理論[3]、受虐婦女綜合征理論[4]以及期待可能性理論[5]來實現出罪。然而，在這些研究中，受虐婦女綜合征并未成為該類案件行為人出罪的獨立事由。相關學者將“受虐婦女綜合征\"定位為證明正當防衛成立的必要要件，在被告人符合該癥狀時，其行為構成正當防衛[，因此本文在正當防衛的框架內探討該理論。期待可能性理論也由于缺乏實定法依據、解釋力不足等原因，不再成為該研究主題下的重點方向。……