中圖分類號:H131 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1673-3851(2025)06-0292-07
Research of \"Ying(盈)\" and \"Man(滿)\" in the bamboo slips of Qin and Han
LU Fangge (School of Law and Humanities, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 3lOol8,China)
Abstract:Remarkable achievements have been made in the study of \"Ying (盈)\" and \"Man (滿)\" in ancient books. A considerable number of \"Ying(盈)\" and \"Man(滿)\" are used in Qin and Han bamboo slips,which have not yet attracted enough attention. According to the investigation, \" Ying(盈)\" and \"Man (滿)\" constitute a synonymous relationship in the three meanings of suficient,sweling and as a term for Jianchu(建除)respectively,and the last two meanings of \"Ying(盈)\" are not found in ancient books.In terms of diachronic distribution of lexical meanings,there is a clear diference between \"Ying (盈)\" and \"Man(滿)\",with \"Ying(盈)\" mainly appearing in Qin and early Western Han bamboo slips, while \"Man(滿)\" is used from the middle of Western Han bamboo slips. Combining bamboo slips of Qin and Han,and ancient books handed down from the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties,it is concluded that as late as in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty,\"Man (滿)\" completed the substitution of \"Ying (盈)\" for the three meanings of sufficient,swellng and as a term for Jianchu (建除). This is the result of the development of the vocabulary itself and has litle to do with the phenomenon of avoiding \"Ying(盈)\" in the Han dynasty.
Key words: Ying(盈);Man (滿);evolution; replacement;avoiding a taboo word;bamboo slips of Qin and Han
《說文·皿部》記載:“盈,滿器也。”又于《水部》言:“滿,盈溢也。\"“盈\"和“滿”的本義極為相近。從傳世典籍來看,二者的詞義演變路徑也極為相似,故而在充滿、足夠、飽滿、圓滿、月滿、驕傲自滿等多個義位上形成了同義關系。當前對“盈\"和“滿\"的考察主要聚焦于傳世典籍,且著眼于兩者的演變過程。如王鳳陽[指出:“它們是不同時代的用語,‘盈'用得早,滿'在戰國后期才逐漸應用開來。\"陳秀蘭[2]選取先秦23部典籍,統計得出“盈\"共出現157次,“滿”出現105次,進而認為“‘盈’占有優勢”。然而,陳文在統計數量時未對典籍和義位加以區分,其結論與實際情況稍有出入。根據本文的調查,在《荀子》中,“盈\"出現8次,“滿”出現11次;在《韓非子》中,“盈\"出現4次,“滿”出現15次。僅就這兩部典籍來看,“滿”的使用數量超過了“盈”,“盈\"并未占據優勢地位。此外,王彤偉[3]433-434 考察了“盈\"和\"滿”在“充滿\"“足(達到限度標準)\"2個義位上的發展和替代關系;李燁4]和劉曉靜[5]則考察了某一階段內“盈”和\"滿”的演變。
利用傳世典籍開展語言學研究時,需注意辨別語料的真偽、確定年代,以及考量字詞被后世改動的可能等情況,這對準確描述古代實際語言極為重要。自20世紀初以來,大批簡帛陸續出土,為古漢語研究提供了豐富且詳實可靠的語料,借此能夠窺見戰國至三國時期的部分語言原貌。經考察發現,“盈”和“滿”在秦漢簡牘中的使用情況與在同時期傳世典籍中的使用情況存在極大差異,然而這一現象并未引起學界的充分關注。……