中圖分類號:D925.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1673-3851(2025)04-0236-10
Abstract: Long-standing issues in appeal cases include low acceptance rates and high withdrawal rates. With further reforms in prosecutorial systems and prosecutorial power, an active legal supervision perspective has emerged,providing guidance for the correct exercise of the right of appeal from three aspects:attributes,theoretical foundation,and operational mechanism. First,under this view,legal supervisory authority is considered equivalent to prosecutorial power,encompassing direct supervision of public authorities and indirect supervision of legal obligation bearers. The right to appeal serves as a tool for both types of supervision. Second,the activist view abandons the theory of objective duty,adopting fiduciary theory,which requires prosecutors,as fiduciaries,to observe duties of prudence and loyalty. Third,as the long-term interests of defendants have been overlooked,the activist view calls for establishing an appeal duty oriented toward protecting defendants' interests, along with refining the operational mechanism of appeal to address potential challenges.
Key words: right of appeal; legal supervisory authority;activist view of legal supervision; fiduciary theory
2018—2022年,全國檢察機關依照二審和再審程序提起抗訴的案件數量達4.1萬件,抗訴率為0.7% 。其中,抗訴采納率(即改判或發回重審的案件)為 69.1% ,抗訴撤回率為
。自2023年以來,刑事抗訴采納率保持相對穩定趨勢。據數據顯示,2023年1月至2024年6月的抗訴采納率約為 60.7%② 。抗訴權在我國不同地區的適用表現各異。例如,在司法實踐中,部分檢察機關濫用抗訴權,單純為了打擊犯罪的目標而提出抗訴,還有些檢察機關為了實現績效考核目標而任意撤回已提出的抗訴。這些問題導致抗訴未能發揮其預期作用③。
任意抗訴的問題在于抗訴權與法律監督職權的關系以及抗訴權自身的功能模糊。目前有關檢察權的權力屬性存在一元論與二元論之爭:一元論主張檢察權與法律監督職權具有同等意義,所有訴訟職權與非訴訟職權均為檢察院行使法律監督職權的體現;二元論認為,檢察權是上位概念,其包括法律監督職權和訴訟職權,前者旨在防止權力濫用,后者則是為了完成刑事訴訟任務[2]。就抗訴權的功能而言,有學者認為抗訴權的功能在于法律監督[3],有學者認為抗訴權的功能是公訴權的延伸,性質為上訴[4],爭議的根源在于過往法律監督職權缺乏明確的定位。隨著監察體制改革的推進、“四大檢察”的形成以及數字時代的到來,法律監督職權被賦予全新含義,監督對象和監督方式逐漸明晰。檢察機關也形成了以積極主義法律監督觀為核心的新辦案理念。……