我國新業態勞動者權益保障的實踐樣態、形成邏輯與優化路徑

中圖分類號：D669 文獻標志碼：A 文章編號：1673-3851（2025）04-0216-11

Abstract： The protection of workers rights and interests in new forms of business is a practical problem that is difficult to avoid in the high-quality development of economy in new forms of business and the construction of harmonious labor relations. From the perspective of governance tool，this paper clasifies the protection of laborers'rights and interests in China's new forms of business，reveals the practice characteristics and formation logic，and proposes optimization paths. The Chinese government has comprehensively used benefit balancing tools，resource enabling tools and labor proces intervention tools to carry out the protection of laborers‘rights and interests in new forms of business，which shows the combination of utilization and continuous utilization of governance tools. The formation of governance practice characteristics is influenced by four factors：the diversification of rights protection issues，the complexity of rights protection objectives， the differentiated functions of governance tools，and the composite structure of governance networks. These factors require the application of tools in governance practice to be diverse and highly acceptable. The combination and continuity of governance tools help to improve the overallefficiency of the protection of workers' rights and interests in new business forms，but it is necessary to further enrich the governance toolbox，strengthen the supporting measures of governance tools，and grasp the implementation of governance tools.

Key Words： new forms of business； protection of workers’ rights and interests； governance tools； social insurance；labor mediation

新就業形態（下文簡稱“新業態\"是伴隨互聯網技術進步與大眾消費升級形成的去雇主化、平臺化的就業形態[1]。2015 年黨的十八屆五中全會首次提出“加強對靈活就業、新就業形態的支持”，引發社會各界的廣泛關注。新業態已經成為我國經濟發展和就業增長的新動能。全國總工會第九次全國職工隊伍狀況調查數據顯示，截至2023年，我國新業態勞動者達8400萬，構成職工隊伍的重要組成部分①。截至2024年6月30日，我國共發放網約車駕駛員證712.6萬本②。2023年，美團外賣騎手達到745萬人③。新業態創造了大量就業機會，但也帶來了勞動關系爭議、社會保障缺失、最嚴算法管理、高強度勞動等勞動者權益保障問題。國務院及相關職能部門相繼發文要求：完善適應新就業形態特點的用工和社保等制度，維護新就業形態勞動者勞動保障權益。黨的二十大報告明確指出：“加強靈活就業和新就業形態勞動者權益保障。\"[2新業態勞動者權益保障是我國新業態經濟高質量發展與和諧勞動關系構建難以繞開的重大現實問題。

關于新業態勞動者權益保障，現有研究的關注點經歷了從新業態勞動用工特征到新業態勞動者權益問題，再到新業態勞動者權益保障這一發展變遷。其中，圍繞新業態勞動者權益如何保障，研究文獻共提出了三類治理路徑。第一類認為應當修改我國《勞動法》，明確新業態勞動者的身份，共有兩種方案：一是擴大勞動關系認定標準，將要件式認定改為要素式認定[3]或技術從屬性認定[4-5]；……