中圖分類號:B085 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1673-3851(2025)04-0193-06
Abstract: Interpreting the naturalness of classification based on the mind-independent standard is an important aspect of defending natural kind realism. The various research approaches regarding the mindindependent standard have encountered difficulties in explaining the classification of synthetic or nonnatural scientific fields. From the explanations provided along the causal mechanisms among the properties of natural objects,existing studies mainly focus on the specific kind of a certain field,emphasizing the explanation of property clusters from a perspective of giving theoretical descriptions. But they need to explain the principles of unification that support property clusters from a perspective of theoretical normativity. In the dimension of theoretical normativity,locking the application of the mind-independent standard to the principles of unification,and conditionally accepting the mind-independent standard,can provide new support for the defense of natural kind realism. Related efforts need to draw on the research of metaphysics of properties to fundamentally explain the source and existence of the principles of unification.
Key words: natural kinds;mind-independent; realism; causal mechanism; principles of unification
根據作為共相的自然類是否實在,關于自然類的哲學研究形成實在論與唯名論兩種理論取向,并集中于從分類標準的角度為自然類實在論辯護。按照自然類實在論,水與土的區分既是兩種自然物質的區分,也是兩種抽象實體(共相)的區分;存在一些對于事物的自然分類,它們反映了自然界的真實劃分[1。問題在于,什么可以作為自然類的分類標準?相關探討多集中于解釋分類的自然性,以是否“獨立于心靈\"區分自然類與非自然類,將“獨立于心靈”作為判斷分類具有自然性的標準(下文簡稱“心靈獨立標準\")。按照心靈獨立標準,強調一個類具有自然性,即它不依賴于想象或人的認知能力而真實、客觀存在,“如果一個類是獨立于心靈而存在的,就可以證明它不是人類想象的產物,而是有其客觀實在。\"[2]接受心靈獨立標準,則可以接受自然類實在論。如果接受心靈獨立標準,就會將社會學或心理學領域的部分分類歸于非實在,否定其自然性[3]。甚至,在自然科學領域關于人造物的分類(如轉基因生物、人工合成物等)也會被劃分為非自然類,而這些分類有助于解釋因果說明、歸納和自然律,很難否定其實在。這就使得有必要進一步討論自然類的心靈獨立標準。本文追溯解釋分類自然性的基本進路及其問題,進而解析訴諸因果機制解釋心靈獨立標準的方案,論證有條件接受心靈獨立標準的可行性,并嘗試通過回答已有解釋方案遇到的突出問題論證其解釋力,以期為自然類實在論辯護的研究提供些許啟示或借鑒。……