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骨科住院患者醫院感染特點與危險因素分析

2020-08-04 13:55:33康中琴吳曉英
中國當代醫藥 2020年17期
關鍵詞:住院患者危險因素

康中琴 吳曉英

[摘要]目的 分析骨科住院患者醫院感染的臨床特征與危險因素,為降低骨科醫院感染發生率提供科學依據。方法 選取2017年9月1日~2018年8月31日于我院骨科住院的3542例患者作為監測對象,將其分為創傷(1295例)、關節(1075例)、脊柱(1172例)三個專業組,分析骨科住院患者醫院感染的臨床特點及危險因素。結果 骨科住院患者醫院感染發生率(例次發生率)為1.67%(1.89%);創傷組的醫院感染例次發生率為2.93%,高于關節組的1.58%和脊柱組的1.02%,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05)。醫院感染部位構成前3位為下呼吸道(32.84%)、手術部位(31.34%)、泌尿道(20.90%);病原菌中革蘭陰性菌、革蘭陽性菌、真菌分別占50.00%、46.00%、4.00%,前3位病原菌為金黃色葡萄球菌(24.00%)、大腸埃希菌(20.00%)、鮑曼不動桿菌(12.00%)。感染者與未感染者的年齡≥65歲、性別、低蛋白血癥、基礎疾病≥2種、牽引制動、手術、使用呼吸機、入住ICU、中心靜脈置管、留置尿管情況比較,差異有統計學意義(P<0.05);進一步多因素非條件Logistic回歸分析顯示,男性、低蛋白血癥、基礎疾病≥2種、入住ICU、中心靜脈置管、留置尿管為骨科患者醫院感染的獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。結論 骨科住院患者醫院感染具有以下呼吸道和手術部位感染為主、革蘭陰性菌及革蘭陽性菌感染比例相當、創傷患者醫院感染率較高的特點,存在上述一種或多種危險因素的骨科住院患者發生醫院感染風險較大,應積極治療低蛋白血癥、基礎疾病,規范并減少侵入性操作等,以降低醫院感染率。

[關鍵詞]骨科;住院患者;醫院感染;監測;危險因素

[中圖分類號] R181.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1674-4721(2020)6(b)-0180-04

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection in hospitalized patients in orthopedic department, so as to provide scientific basis for reducing the incidence of nosocomial infection in orthopedic. Methods A total of 3542 patients who hospitalized in the orthopedic department from September 1, 2017 to August 31, 2018 in our hospital were selected as the monitoring objects and divided into three specialized groups: the trauma group (1295 cases), the joint group (1075 cases) and the spine group (1172 cases). The clinical characteristics and risk factors of nosocomial infection in orthopedic inpatients were analyzed. Results The incidence rate of nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients was 1.67% (the case number infection rate was 1.89%). The incidence rate of case number nosocomial infection in the trauma group was 2.93%, which was higher than that in the joint group (1.58%) and spine group (1.02%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The top three infection sites were lower respiratory tract (32.84%), surgical site (31.34%) and urinary tract (20.90%). Gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria and fungi accounted for 50.00%, 46.00%, and 4.00%, respectively. The top three pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (24.00%), Escherichia coli (20.00%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (12.00%). The differences between the infected and uninfected patients in age (over 65 years old), gender, hypoproteinemia, basic diseases (more than 2 kinds), traction brake, surgery, use of ventilator, admission to ICU, central vein catheterization and indwelling catheter were statistically significant (P<0.05). Further multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that male, hypoproteinemia, basic diseases (more than 2 kinds), admission to ICU, central vein catheterization and indwelling catheter were independent risk factors of nosocomial infection in orthopedic patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients has the following characteristics: the mainly infection sites are lower respiratory tract and surgical site, the proportion of gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria is similar, and the nosocomial infection rate in trauma patients is higher. The risk of nosocomial infection of orthopedic inpatients with one or more of the above risk factors is higher. The hypoproteinemia and basic diseases should be actively treated, and invasive operation should be standardized and reduced, in order to reduce the nosocomial infection rate.

本研究結果顯示,基礎疾病≥1種與骨科住院患者醫院感染無關,與文獻[19-20]報道不符,可能與研究對象年齡偏大、基礎疾病患病率高以及患者基礎疾病控制較好有關。手術、牽引制動、年齡≥65歲、使用呼吸機在本研究中雖不是獨立危險因素,但單因素分析顯示這4個因素與骨科住院患者醫院感染有較強的相關性,仍需要醫護人員重視骨科患者圍術期管理、臥床與高齡患者呼吸功能鍛煉、呼吸機相關性肺炎預防等醫院感染防控措施。

綜上所述,骨科住院患者醫院感染具有以下呼吸道和手術部位感染為主、革蘭陰性菌及陽性菌感染比例相當、創傷患者醫院感染發生率較高的特點,存在上述一種或多種危險因素的骨科住院患者發生醫院感染風險較大,醫護人員應勸導患者戒煙,積極治療基礎疾病與低蛋白血癥,規范并減少侵入性操作等,以降低骨科患者醫院感染發生率。

[參考文獻]

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(收稿日期:2019-11-01 ?本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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