陳羽 熊娟
[摘要]殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1(CHI3L1)是一種不具有殼多糖酶活性的殼多糖酶樣蛋白(CLPs),近年來,國際上關于CHI3L1與癌癥的關系的研究逐漸增多。CHI3L1在免疫應答、炎癥和細胞外基質組成等方面都有重要作用,其可以調節腫瘤微環境影響腫瘤的生長、轉移和對治療的反應等。有研究者推薦CHI3L1成為一種新的腫瘤標志物,用于預測腫瘤的發生發展及預后。目前,人們對CHI3L1及其與癌癥關系等方面的認識還比較匱乏。本文從CHI3L1在癌癥發展中的作用機制、在人類癌癥中的表達情況、在癌癥發展中相關的信號通路、在治療癌癥中的研究價值等方面入手,收集近幾年國際上前沿的有關CHI3L1與癌癥的研究結果并進行歸納總結,旨在闡述CHI3L1在癌癥發展中的作用及應用價值。
[關鍵詞]殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1;癌癥;應用價值;腫瘤標志物
[中圖分類號] R735.7 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1674-4721(2020)6(b)-0021-04
[Abstract] Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a chitinase like proteins (CLPs) without chitinase activity. In recent years, international researches on the relationship between CHI3L1 and cancer have gradually increased. CHI3L1 plays an important role in immune response, inflammation, and extracellular matrix composition, which can affect tumor growth, metastasis, and response to treatment by regulating the tumor microenvironment. Some researchers have recommended CHI3L1 as a new tumor marker for predicting the occurrence, development and prognosis of tumors. At present, people′s understanding of CHI3L1 and its relationship with cancer is not enough. This paper collects and summarizes the internationally advanced research results on CHI3L1 and cancer in recent years, from the aspects of ?the mechanism of CHI3L1 in cancer development, expression in human cancer, related signaling pathways in cancer development and research value in cancer treatment, so as to explain the role and application value of CHI3L1 in the development of cancer.
[Key words] Chitinase-3-like protein 1; Cancer; Application value; Tumor marker
殼多糖酶3樣蛋白1(chitinase-3-like protein 1,CHI3L1)從屬于糖苷水解酶18基因家族,是一種分泌型糖蛋白,分子量約為40 kDa,具有碳水化合物結合域,有類似凝集素的作用,在不同物種均有表達并發揮重要的生物學作用[1]。在人體內多種細胞可表達CHI3L1,包括巨噬細胞、中性粒細胞、軟骨細胞、滑膜細胞、成骨細胞和血管平滑肌細胞等,但對于其配體及其特性仍有待探索[2-4]。有研究表明,CHI3L1與癌癥的發生發展密切相關,其可通過調節一些生物過程,包括但不限于氧化損傷反應,細胞凋亡,Th1/Th2炎癥平衡和M2巨噬細胞分化等來發揮作用[5-6]。近年來,有關CHI3L1與癌癥關系的研究逐年增多。
CHI3L1有結合多個受體的能力,可參與多種細胞反應[7]。如,CHI3L1可以與晚期糖基化終產物受體(receptor of advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)、白細胞介素-13受體α2鏈(interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain,IL-13Rα2)受體結合,誘導炎性小體激活,細胞凋亡,癌變和腫瘤血管生成[8],在免疫應答、炎癥和細胞外基質組成等方面都有重要的作用,可以調節腫瘤微環境影響腫瘤的生長、轉移和對治療的反應等。因此,有研究者推薦CHI3L1可作為一種新的腫瘤標志物,應用于膠質母細胞瘤、骨肉瘤、結直腸癌、肺腺癌、乳腺癌和宮頸癌等[9-12]。
1 CHI3L1在癌癥發展中的作用機制
CHI3L1可能通過免疫應答和細胞因子來影響癌癥的生長。研究表明,T細胞中CHI3L1的表達降低會激活Th1反應并增加γ-干擾素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白細胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)的表達,從而抑制肺轉移[6]。在胃癌和乳腺癌中,M2巨噬細胞分泌的CHI3L1可以激活IL-13Rα2并激活絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號通路,從而促進與癌癥進展相關的金屬蛋白酶基因的表達[13]。
另有研究表明,CHI3L1相關信號通路與癌癥發展直接相關。在膽管癌細胞系中,CHI3L1通過蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)/細胞外調節蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinases,ERK)介導途徑,促進腫瘤生長和遷移[14]。下調CHI3L1的表達可以降低前列腺癌侵襲和轉移的發生率,相反其過表達會增加細胞錨定非依賴性生長能力,導致更多侵襲和轉移發生[15]。
氧化應激也可能是CHI3L1影響癌癥進展的一種潛在機制。Ma等[16]研究表明,CHI3L1可以通過增加活性氧和氧化性DNA損傷,促進結腸炎相關癌進展。
此外,CHI3L1在癌癥的血管生成和腫瘤微環境的調節中具有促進作用。癌癥相關成纖維細胞分泌的CHI3L1可以介導乳腺癌的生長和轉移[17]。CHI3L1還可能通過使機體產生免疫抑制微環境來誘導癌癥發展。如,CHI3L1可以調節2型免疫,包括促進巨噬細胞募集和轉變,從而使腫瘤進展和轉移[17]。突變型CHI3L1的表達會減少乳腺癌細胞生長和血管形成[18]。此外,在人膠質母細胞瘤的內皮細胞血管生成和腫瘤特征形成方面,血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)可能與CHI3L1有協同作用[19]。有研究還發現CHI3L1在宮頸癌患者中可誘導血管生成和血管生成擬態形成[18]。而在廣泛期小細胞肺癌患者的循環腫瘤細胞中,CHI3L1可通過對巨噬細胞和炎癥因子的調節,介導腫瘤的侵襲和進展[20]。在神經膠質瘤中,茴香霉素誘導的CHI3L1表達降低可以使癌癥侵襲性特征減弱[21]。此外,信號傳導與轉錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)抑制劑可調節CHI3L1表達來抑制膠質母細胞瘤細胞系的生長[22]。
2人類癌癥中CHI3L1的表達情況
CHI3L1在多種癌癥患者組織或血漿中的表達增加。Wang等[23]報道過在非小細胞肺癌組織中,CHI3L1的表達顯著上調。有研究者建議將其作為一種預后不良的腫瘤標志物。在人類膠質母細胞瘤患者中,CHI3L1表達水平較高的生存率較差[19]。最近的一項研究表明,在腦室下區Ⅱ型膠質母細胞瘤中CHI3L1的表達率為58%(77個樣本中有45例)[24]。在人星形細胞瘤組織中CHI3L1也為高表達水平[12]。在人乳頭狀甲狀腺癌組織中CHI3L1也表達增加,且其表達水平與腫瘤大小、淋巴結轉移和侵襲有關[25]。在黑色素瘤患者中CHI3L1表達與預后不良相關,在這個研究中值得注意的是,腫瘤相關巨噬細胞表達CHI3L1的水平顯著高于黑色素瘤細胞[26]。在膽管癌患者中血清CHI3L1升高往往意味著存活期變短,但癌細胞本身僅表達低水平CHI3L1[14]。CHI3L1在早期子宮內膜癌中也有表達,并推薦作為高?;颊叩念A后標志物[27]。在結腸直腸癌患者中??蓹z測到CHI3L1,但在健康個體的結腸中很少有CHI3L1的表達,Johansen等[28]推薦其作為預測患結腸直腸癌風險的生物標志物。
與之前提到的研究報道結果相反,在Thorn等[29]的研究中,腫瘤細胞/基質CHI3L1表達高比值與骨肉瘤患者較長的總體生存成正相關。另有研究表明,血清學CHI3L1與發生第二原發癌的風險無顯著相關性[30]。這些結果表明CHI3L1在不同腫瘤細胞和微環境中的表達不盡相同。
因此,CHI3L1與腫瘤不良預后之間的關系仍沒有定論,亟需進一步研究CHI3L1表達水平與癌癥預后的相關性。
3癌癥發展中CHI3L1相關的信號通路
CHI3L1具有調節癌癥微環境和免疫應答的作用。有研究表明CHI3L1在Th2細胞中顯著增高,調節多種細胞因子表達,包括IL-2、IFN-γ和IL-4[6]。
血管生成是CHI3L1影響癌癥進程的另一可能機制。CHI3L1通過激活粘著斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase,FAK)和ERK-1/ERK-2活性從而使VEGF和血管生成增加[19]。特別是膜受體syndecan-1和整合素αvβ5作為觸發分子引發CHI3L1信號傳導級聯反應。CHI3L1與RAGE結合并誘導癌細胞增殖,其中ERK1/2-MAPK途徑在RAGE-CHI3L1下游信號級聯反應中起作用[19]。
已發現CHI3L1在膠質母細胞瘤衍生的細胞系U87和內皮細胞中直接誘導VEGF和VEGF受體2的表達[19,31]。還有研究表明,在膠質母細胞瘤患者中腫瘤血管穩定性和通透性與CHI3L1表達相關[32]。
此外,CHI3L1可使U87細胞中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide-3 kinae,PI3K)-AKT途徑激活[19,31],并能與巨噬細胞中的IL-13Rα2結合[7]。這些信號傳導途徑能夠增強射線抗性減少腫瘤細胞死亡,并且在黑素瘤肺轉移中起到重要作用[19,31]。
CHI3L1在小細胞肺癌循環腫瘤細胞中高表達,有報道顯示,通過上調上游刺激因子-1(upstream stimulatory factor 1,USF1)使CHI3L1表達減少可以抑制肺癌轉移[33]。在人成纖維細胞中,CHI3L1有類胰島素樣生長因子-1的作用,能增加基質金屬蛋白酶-1的表達和細胞外基質重塑[34]。這些研究表明CHI3L1可通過血管生成和炎癥相關的信號傳導途徑調節腫瘤微環境和基質反應性。
4 CHI3L1用于治療癌癥的研究
依據相關研究結果,CHI3L1有希望成為治療癌癥的新靶點。已證實,咖啡因可通過調節氧化應激來抑制CHI3L1,減少結腸炎相關癌的腫瘤進展[16]??Х纫蛲ㄟ^抑制CHI3L1/AKT和PI3K信號通路發揮對炎癥性腸病的保護作用[35]。此外,通過對CHI3L1的抑制作用,咖啡因可減少氧化造成的DNA損傷。因此,有研究者建議將CHI3L1作為結腸炎相關癌的治療靶點。在膠質母細胞瘤患者中,CHI3L1的表達下調可增加患者對PI3K/AKT抑制劑的敏感性[36]。CHI3L1的另一種抑制劑茶堿,也被證實具有抗腫瘤活性。茶堿可使細胞周期G1期阻滯和血管生成素-2的下調,從而抑制人直腸癌細胞的增殖[37]。
在Chiang等[38]的研究中,CHI3L1通過調節一種特殊的蛋白質表達干擾紫杉醇的抗腫瘤作用,減少人卵巢癌細胞的凋亡。在腦腫瘤模型中,抗CHI3L1抗體聯合放射治療,是抑制腫瘤血管形成和進展的協同治療方法[31]。這些研究表明,CHI3L1是一個治療耐藥性癌癥的潛在靶點。
CHI3L1靶向治療用于抑制腫瘤轉移方面,目前已有不少研究。在肺癌轉移中,CHI3L1與小干擾RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)結合后可顯著增強抗腫瘤免疫力,如可增強Th1和細胞毒性T淋巴細胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte,CTL)的免疫應答和抑制黑素瘤肺轉移[6]。另一項研究報道顯示,CHI3L1與乳腺癌轉移相關[39]。甲殼素[β-(1-4)-聚-N-乙?;鵇-葡糖胺]可通過產生IFN-γ和減少趨化因子2和基質金屬蛋白酶9表達來阻斷CHI3L1的作用并抑制乳腺癌的轉移。上述研究表明,CHI3L1誘導的血管生成與癌細胞抗藥(射線)性相關。還有研究表明,CHI3L1的下調減少了肺腫瘤的發展和轉移[33]。
5小結
癌癥作為21世紀人類的主要死亡原因之一,現代醫學一直在尋找治療癌癥的有效方法。而CHI3L1因其在免疫應答、炎癥和細胞外基質組成等方面的重要作用,對腫瘤的生長、轉移和對治療的反應等都有重要影響,有希望成為治療癌癥的一個重要靶點,用于抑制腫瘤進展、轉移等方面。針對CHI3L1的新型治療方法或將為癌癥的治療開辟一條新的道路。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-10 ?本文編輯:任秀蘭)