貿易摩擦背景下提單風險及防范探析

[摘 要]經濟全球化進程中，國際貿易沖突如影隨形，各國貿易保護手段層出不窮，海關政策五花八門，給進出口企業帶來大量挑戰。在當前全球貿易環境惡化的情況下，出口方在履約過程中通過提單控制物權極為關鍵，但同時也面臨著出口貨物被無單放貨、被進口國海關拍賣，然而卻維權無力等各種不確定因素。從海運實踐著手，結合當前貿易環境，以出口方角度分析提單風險及成因，尋找解決途徑，從結算方式、貿易術語、提單種類的選擇、投保出口信用險等方面提出了防范建議。

[關鍵詞]提單;物權喪失;風險防范

[中圖分類號]F740

[文獻標識碼]A

[文章編號]2095-3283（2019）10-0023-04

Analysis on the Risk Prevention of Bill of Lading under the Background of Trade Friction

Qu Qiping

（Hunan Vocational College of Commerce， Changsha Hunan 410205）

Abstract： In the process of economic globalization， international trade conflicts follow one another， trade protection means and customs policies keep emerging in various countries， which bring a lot of challenges to import and export enterprises. In the current deteriorating global trade environment， it is crucial for exporters to control the property right through the bill of lading in the performance of the contract， but at the same time， they are also faced with various uncertain factors， such as goods being released without documents， being auctioned by the customs of the importing country， being powerless to protect their rights. This paper starts from the practice of shipping and combines with the current trade environment， analyzes the risks and causes of bill of lading from the perspective of the exporter， seeks for solutions， and puts forward preventive suggestions from the aspects of settlement method， trade terms， selection of bill of lading， and insurance of export credit insurance.

Keywords： Bill of Lading; Loss of Property Title; Risk Prevention

[作者簡介]瞿啟平（1974-），女，漢族，湖南醴陵人，副教授，研究方向：國際貿易理論與實務、進出口商品歸類。

經濟全球化的逐步深化，使國際貿易在經濟發展中的地位進一步凸顯，各國貿易沖突也接連不斷。即使貿易保護主義盛行，我國依然在不斷深化改革開放的路上砥礪前行。2019年3月6日，國務院發布《關于取消和下放一批行政許可事項的決定》，將“無船承運人”審批業務改為備案制，取消保證金或責任保險制度。該政策的出臺意味著貨代行業的準入門檻進一步降低，引起了外貿行業的極大關注，很多外經貿企業隨即從各個渠道收到了提醒其防范提單風險的警示通知。1924年通過的《海牙規則》賦予了海運提單物權憑證的作用;我國《海商法》第七十一條也明確規定：“提單，是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經由承運人接收或者裝船，以及承運人保證據以交付貨物的單證。……