雷明昊
摘 要: 從軟法理論視角研究“政府-社團”二元治理體系下的澳門特區,可以勾勒出澳門“硬法+軟法”二元法律體系框架。社團章程等社會法規范都屬于軟法規范,而澳門廣義政府立法文件中含硬法規范和少量軟法規范。澳門政府立法中的軟法規范為政府與民間的持續互動留有空間,防止政府濫用職權,能實現公共治理中的帕累托改進。澳門軟法治理實踐體現出一國兩制下的澳門二元合作治理特色,有效約束軟法創制和適用中的隨意性,政府也為民間自治提供了良好的法律基礎。應保持民間自治傳統,慎重對待政府立法中的軟法規范并對其實施效果進行科學考評,軟法規范密集的領域若需立法可以考慮綱要法形式,可嘗試推廣消費者委員會“行業守則”模式。
關鍵詞: 澳門; 法律體系; 公共治理; 軟法規范; 軟法治理
中圖分類號: G633.26 文獻標識碼: A DOI:10.13411/j.cnki.sxsx.2018.02.013
Abstract: The research on the Macao Special Administrative Region under the dual governance system of “government-society” from the perspective of soft law theory can outline the framework of the dual legal system of “hard law + soft law” in Macao. Regulations of social organizations and some other laws of society belong to the soft law, while the legislative documents in the broad sense of Macao government contain hard-law-norms and a small number of soft-law-norms. In Macao government legislation, soft law norms leave space for constant interactions between the government and the public, so as to prevent the government from abusing its power and to achieve Pareto improvement in public governance. The practice of Macao soft law governance embodies the characteristics of Macao dual cooperation governance system of “government-society” under the “one country, two systems” principle, effectively constrains the randomness in the creation and application of soft law. Meanwhile government presents a good legal basis for self-government by civilians. The tradition of self-government by civilians shall be maintained,the soft law norms in government legislation should be treated prudently and the effect of their implementation should be scientifically evaluated. If any legislation is needed in the fields where soft laws norms are intensive, outline method can be considered and the mode of “Industry Code” in promoting Consumer Council can be tried.
Key words: Macao; legal system; public governance; soft law; soft law governance
一、導論
澳門 “政府-社團”二元合作治理體系是澳門公共治理體系之特色。學界提及的澳門公共治理二元性,主要體現在治理主體的二元性。主體的二元性即“政府-民間社團”二元,其中“政府”指的是包括立法會等立法、司法機關在內的廣義政府,可分為“中央-澳門”兩個層級;民間社團可分為“全澳門或全行業的社團-地區社團或社團的地區分部”兩個層級。政府自然是公共治理的主體,然而對于“小政府,大社團”的澳門,社團與政府共同承擔澳門公共物品供給[1],社團與政府并駕齊驅合作治理澳門,民間社團呈現“擬政府化”和“擬政黨化”, [2]271,233“政府-社團”二元合作治理體系也是在澳門獨特歷史發展背景下才形成和沿革[3]?!?br>