氣候變暖背景下沙坡頭區(qū)霜凍變化特征

高杰 楊苑 龐婷婷 張德有

摘要 利用1961—2015年中衛(wèi)市沙坡頭區(qū)國家氣候基本站的逐日平均氣溫及地面最低氣溫資料，采用線性傾向估計等方法研究了近55年沙坡頭區(qū)氣溫及霜凍的變化特征。結(jié)果表明，近55年來沙坡頭區(qū)年平均氣溫在波動中不斷上升，尤其21世紀初氣候變暖明顯，在此背景下，沙坡頭區(qū)初霜凍日呈推后趨勢，終霜凍日呈提前趨勢，無霜期呈延長趨勢；進入21世紀，初霜凍日平均推后4～5 d，終霜凍日平均提前15 d左右，無霜期明顯增加，尤其在近5年平均延長了31 d，特早終霜凍日和特長無霜期也均出現(xiàn)在21世紀。

關(guān)鍵詞 初霜凍；終霜凍；無霜凍期；變化特征；沙坡頭區(qū)

中圖分類號 S425 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611（2017）13-0186-03

Change Characteristics of frost in Shapotou District under the Background of Climate Warming

GAO Jie，YANG Yuan，PANG Ting-ting et al

（Zhongwei City Meteorological Bureau，Zhongwei，Ningxia 755000）

Abstract Using the daily average temperature and ground minimum temperature data of the national climate base station in Shapotou District of Zhongwei City from 1961 to 2015， the change characteristics of temperature and frost in Shapotou District were studied by linear propensity estimation method.The results showed that the annual average temperature in Shapotou District had been increasing in the past 55 years， especially in the beginning of the 21st century. On this background，the first frost day in Shapotou District was pushed forward， and the final frost day was in advance，and the frost-free period was prolonged.In the 21st century，the average first frost day pushed 4-5 days，the average final frost day was about 15 days in advance， and the frost-free period was obviously increased，especially in the past 5 years，an average of 31 days extended，special early final frost day and specialty frost-free period also appeared in the 21st century.

Key words First frost；Final frost；Frost-free period；Change characteristics；Shapotou District

近年來，各種極端天氣頻發(fā)，氣候變化問題引起了全球的廣泛關(guān)注，科學家將其歸因為溫室效應(yīng)[1-2]。雖然受溫室效應(yīng)影響，氣溫總體呈上升趨勢，但我國許多地區(qū)仍然受到低溫凍害的危害[3]。霜凍是植物生長季內(nèi)，由于冷空氣的入侵，使土壤表面、植物表面及近地氣層的溫度驟降至0 ℃以下，引起植物細胞間結(jié)冰而使植物遭到傷害或死亡的一種短時間低溫災(zāi)害[4]。對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)而言，在遇嚴重的終霜凍結(jié)束晚和初霜凍來得早的年份都會給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成較大危害。如2010年4月11日晚霜凍使中衛(wèi)市沙坡頭區(qū)大部分小麥及經(jīng)濟果園凍傷，造成直接經(jīng)濟損失245.01萬元。嚴重的初終霜凍已成為中衛(wèi)市農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要災(zāi)害之一，因此，霜凍災(zāi)害的預(yù)測研究備受關(guān)注，李紅英等[5]、唐晶等[6]、馬柱國[7]對不同區(qū)域范圍霜凍的氣候變化特征、霜凍致災(zāi)因子指標特征及危害性進行了分析。……