1985—2015年沙坡頭區(qū)24節(jié)氣氣候變化及春小麥物候期的響應

龐婷婷 毛萬忠 高杰 李英 黃云 洛松拉姆

摘要 利用沙坡頭區(qū)逐日氣象觀測資料以及春小麥物候資料，運用統(tǒng)計學方法分析24節(jié)氣氣候變化及春小麥物候期的響應。結果表明，沙坡頭區(qū)24節(jié)氣的平均氣溫呈單峰型準正態(tài)分布，小暑和大暑是全年最熱節(jié)氣，平均氣溫均為23.1 ℃，小寒為最冷節(jié)氣，平均氣溫為-7.3 ℃；平均氣溫隨時間的變化趨勢呈單峰單谷型，升溫幅度最大值出現(xiàn)在春分，為0.25 ℃/d，降溫最大幅度出現(xiàn)在霜降，為-0.26 ℃/d；相鄰節(jié)氣之間平均氣溫變量曲線也為單峰單谷型，峰值出現(xiàn)在清明，變量達0.22 ℃，是上升最快的節(jié)氣，谷值出現(xiàn)在霜降，變量為-5.5 ℃，是氣溫下降最顯著的節(jié)氣；隨著全球氣溫的變暖，沙坡頭區(qū)后16年（2000—2015年）各個節(jié)氣平均氣溫比前15年（1985—1999年）氣溫普遍偏高，差值在0.2～3.3 ℃；驚蟄、清明、芒種和小暑4個反映物候現(xiàn)象的節(jié)氣中，芒種和小暑平均氣溫隨年份呈顯著性升高。平均氣溫對各物候期影響十分顯著，氣溫升高，加速了物候進程，春小麥營養(yǎng)生長期出現(xiàn)延長現(xiàn)象，生殖生長期出現(xiàn)縮短現(xiàn)象，其全生育期呈現(xiàn)縮短趨勢。

關鍵詞 24節(jié)氣；氣候變化；春小麥；物候期；響應；沙坡頭區(qū)

中圖分類號 S162 文獻標識碼

A 文章編號 0517-6611（2017）13-0182-04

Climate Change of 24 Solar Terms and the Response of Spring Wheat Phenology in Shapotou Area from 1985 to 2015

PANG Ting-ting，MAO Wan-zhong，GAO Jie et al

（Zhongwei City Meteorological Bureau，Zhongwei，Ningxia 755000）

Abstract Using the daily meteorological data of Shapotou and the phenological data of spring wheat， the climate change of 24 solar terms and the response of spring wheat were analyzed by statistical methods.The results showed that the average temperature of the 24 solar term in Shapotou area showed a single peak type quasi normal distribution， slight heat and great heat were the most hot solar term， the average temperature was 23.1 ℃， but slight cold was the most cold solar term， the average temperature was -7.3 ℃.The change trend of average temperature with time showed a single peak and single valley type，the maximum temperature rise appeared in spring equinox（0.25 ℃/d）， the maximum cooling rate appeared in first frost（-0.26 ℃/d）.The variables curve of the average temperature between adjacent solar term was single peak and single valley type， the peak appeared in Qingming， variable up to 0.22 ℃， which was the fastest rising solar term；the valley value appeared in first frost， variable was -5.5 ℃， which was the most significant solar term of temperature drop.With the global warming， the average temperature of each solar term after 16 years （from 2000 to 2015）was generally higher than that of the previous 15 years （from 1985 to 1999）， the difference was 02-3.3 ℃.In four solar terms reflecting the phenological phenomenon（Jingzhe，Qingming，Mangzhong，slight heat），the average temperature with the year was significantly increased in Mangzhong and slight heat.The average temperature had a significant effect on the phenological period，the increase of temperature accelerated the phonological process， the vegetative growth period of spring wheat was prolonged， the reproductive growth period was shortened， and the whole growth period was shortened.

Key words 24 solar terms；Climate change；Spring wheat；Phenology；Response； Shapotou area

24節(jié)氣是華夏祖先歷經千百年的實踐創(chuàng)造出來的寶貴科學遺產，它包含了自然界中氣溫變化、作物物候始末、晝夜變化等多種現(xiàn)象，反映了四季交替的氣候特征，含有時令順序、物候變化。24節(jié)氣將氣候條件與農業(yè)生產有機的聯(lián)系起來，包含著樸素的農業(yè)氣候分析和農業(yè)氣象預報知識，是我國古代最早的樸素農業(yè)氣象學。……