三江源果洛地區(qū)牧草長勢特征及其與氣象條件的關(guān)系

秦永忠

摘要 利用2003—2016年三江源果洛地區(qū)6縣牧草觀測資料和同期氣象觀測資料，對果洛地區(qū)牧草長勢變化特征及其與牧草生育期（4—9月）氣溫、降水量、日照等氣象條件的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明，果洛地區(qū)6縣中班瑪、久治牧草長勢最好，瑪沁、甘德、達(dá)日次之，瑪多最差；就平均長勢而言，近14年果洛地區(qū)牧草長勢趨于良好，牧草高度、覆蓋度、產(chǎn)量均呈增加趨勢。通過對牧草長勢和牧草生育期的氣溫、降水量、日照時數(shù)的相關(guān)性分析表明，隨著降水量的增加，牧草產(chǎn)量也相應(yīng)的增加；而隨著日照時數(shù)增加，牧草產(chǎn)量卻呈減少趨勢。

關(guān)鍵詞 牧草長勢；變化特征；氣象條件；三江源果洛地區(qū)

中圖分類號 S812.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611（2017）13-0174-03

Characteristics of Pasture Growth and Its Relationship with Meteorological Conditions in Guoluo Area of Three River Sources

QIN Yong-zhong

（Maqin County Meteorological Bureau，Maqin，Qinghai 814099）

Abstract Using the pasture observation data and the meteorological observation data of six counties in Guoluo area of three river sources from 2003 to 2016，the characteristics of pasture growth and its relationship with meteorological conditions such as temperature， precipitation and sunshine during the pasture growth period （April to September） were analyzed.The results showed that the pasture growth of Banma and Jiuzhi were the best， and Maqin， Gande and Dari were second，Maduo was the worst. In terms of the average growth，the pasture in Guoluo area had become good in the past 14 years， and the height， coverage and yield of pasture were increasing.The correlation analysis of pasture growth and the temperature， precipitation and sunshine hours of pasture growth period showed that，with the increase of precipitation， the yield of pasture increased correspondingly；and with the increase of sunshine hours， the yield of pasture decreased.

Key words Pasture growth；Change characteristics；Meteorological condition；Guoluo area of three river sources

牧草是家畜的飼料，是發(fā)展高效畜牧業(yè)的保障[1]。天然草地的興衰直接關(guān)系著牧區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會穩(wěn)定問題，同時也關(guān)系到青藏高原生態(tài)環(huán)境乃至人類生存環(huán)境的重大問題[2-4]。近年來，一些學(xué)者從不同的方面對草地植被退化進(jìn)行了研究[5-7]。王根緒等[5]對江河源區(qū)的草地資源特征與草地生態(tài)變化進(jìn)行了研究，認(rèn)為江河源區(qū)冷季和夏季草場超載過牧，導(dǎo)致江河源區(qū)草地生態(tài)嚴(yán)重退化；圈華[8]對長江、黃河源頭地區(qū)草地現(xiàn)狀以及成因進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，得出干旱少雨、過度放牧、鼠蟲害侵襲和盲目墾荒、亂采濫挖是造成草地退化的主要原因。

果洛州地處青藏高原腹地、三江源地區(qū)，高寒生物物種資源豐富，其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能、自然景觀、生物多樣性具有重要的保護(hù)價(jià)值?！?br>