滴滴涕脅迫對(duì)棘跳蟲的毒理研究

劉國(guó)翠

摘要 [目的]探討有機(jī)氯類農(nóng)藥對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物的毒害作用。[方法]對(duì)棘跳蟲進(jìn)行不同濃度的滴滴涕（DDT）暴露脅迫，同時(shí)采用彗星實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)研究棘跳蟲細(xì)胞DNA的損傷程度。[結(jié)果]棘跳蟲死亡率與DDT濃度呈明顯正相關(guān)；DDT對(duì)棘跳蟲24、48、72、96 h的半數(shù)致死濃度分別為31.83、24.28、17.15和13.93 μg/L，安全質(zhì)量濃度為1.39 μg/L。不同濃度的DDT暴露均能引起棘跳蟲細(xì)胞DNA的損傷，其最大損傷程度可達(dá)3級(jí)，且彗星尾長(zhǎng)、尾距及彗星尾部DNA含量變化與DDT濃度有顯著的劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系。[結(jié)論]試驗(yàn)首次選取跳蟲類作為指示動(dòng)物，通過在細(xì)胞水平探究有機(jī)農(nóng)藥DDT對(duì)棘跳蟲細(xì)胞DNA的損傷，為評(píng)估土壤污染物對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物的毒害機(jī)制提供了新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞 棘跳蟲；滴滴涕；半數(shù)致死濃度；DNA損傷

中圖分類號(hào) S482.3+2；X171.5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 0517-6611（2017）13-0151-03

Toxic Effects of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on the Springtails Onychiuyus fimeitayius linnaeus

LIU Guo-cui

（College of Life Sciences， Liaocheng University， Liaocheng， Shandong 252000）

Abstract [Objective] The aim was to study toxic effects of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on the springtails Onychiuyus fimeitayius linnaeus. [Method] The effects of pp-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT） on DNA damage in the springtails of Onychiuyus fimeitayius linnaeus were studied by comet assay. Meantime， the mortality of the springtails was observed after different concentrations of DDT exposure. [Result] The DDT had significant toxic effect on the mortality of the springtails. The median lethal dose was 31.83， 24.28， 17.15， 13.93 μg/L on 24， 48， 72 and 96 h， respectively. The safe concentration was 1.39 μg/L. The DNA damage of springtails cells could be induced under the different mass concentrations of DDT， and the maximum damage degree could reach to 3 levels. The effects of DDT stress on comet tail length， tail length and DNA content in the tail of springtails cells were significantly related to the dose-effect relationship. [Conclusion] It provides a new idea to evaluate the toxicity mechanism of soil pollutants to soil animals， by using the springtails as the indicator animal.

Key words Onychiuyus fimeitayius linnaeus；Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane；Median lethal dose；DNA damage

棘跳蟲（Onychiuyus fimeitayius linnaeus）屬于無翅亞綱彈尾目跳蟲科的一類農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲。由于較強(qiáng)的環(huán)境耐受力與繁殖力，棘跳蟲對(duì)蔬菜、食用菌等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的危害日益嚴(yán)重，已成為制約經(jīng)濟(jì)作物健康發(fā)展的害蟲之一。

人工合成的有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥滴滴涕（DDT）因具有極好的殺蟲效果，被廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲及瘧疾和斑疹傷寒等蟲媒傳染病的控制。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)累計(jì)使用DDT總量達(dá)46.4萬t，占世界DDT使用總量的 25.8%[1]。土壤是DDT最主要的環(huán)境介質(zhì)，人類活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的大量DDT經(jīng)過各種途徑進(jìn)入土壤，通過食物鏈最終在動(dòng)物體脂肪組織內(nèi)高度富集，其蓄積系數(shù)可達(dá)百萬倍。調(diào)查顯示，DDT使用量最高的是華東和華北地區(qū)，其次是華南地區(qū)和新疆棉田地區(qū)[2-3]。

有關(guān)殺蟲劑對(duì)跳蟲類的防治工作已取得一定成效。……