王穎 王永超
摘要[目的] 提高北京地區(qū)果樹灌溉水資源利用率,為痕量灌溉系統(tǒng)的設計及其在果樹上的大面積應用提供理論依據(jù)。[方法]通過室內(nèi)試驗和田間應用,對不同灌溉量處理下矮化密植蘋果樹的灌溉效果進行比較。[結(jié)果]灌溉過程中垂直濕潤峰與水平濕潤峰比值隨灌溉時間延長而增大。各處理不同土層深度土壤含水量呈先升高后降低再升高的趨勢。灌水定額12 L/h的處理(H1)同層土壤含水量高于灌水定額10 L/h的處理(H2)。H1的樹高生長量較大,H2的地徑、冠幅生長量較大,各處理的蘋果樹生長差異不顯著。[結(jié)論]痕量灌溉處理降低20%灌溉量后不影響樹木正常生長,達到節(jié)水灌溉的目的。
關鍵詞痕量灌溉;濕潤峰;土壤含水量
中圖分類號S607+.1文獻標識碼
A文章編號0517-6611(2017)10-0041-04
Study on Watersaving Irrigation of Compact Shortened Apple Tree
WANG Ying1,WANG Yongchao2(1.Forestry College,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083 ;2.Beijing Forestry Society,Beijing 100029 )
Abstract[Objective] To improve the irrigation water use efficiency of fruit trees in Beijing,and provide basis for the design and application of trace irrigation system.[Method] Through laboratory experiment and field application,the effects of different irrigation amount on irrigating dwarfing close planting apple trees were compared.[Result] The ratio of vertical wetting front to horizontal wetting front increased with the growth of irrigation time.The soil water content at different depths showed the law of increasing first,then decreasing and then increasing.The law of soil water content in the same layers was that the irrigation quota for 12 L/h treatment (H1) was higher than the irrigation quota of 10 L/h (H2).The height growth of H1 was larger,the growth of base diameter and crown width of H2 was larger.[Conclusion] When the amount of irrigation decrease by 20%,growth of trees will not be affected as well as to achieve watersaving irrigation purposes.
Key wordsTrace irrigation;Wetting front;Soil water content
近年來隨著社會經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展和城市人口的快速增長,北京作為一個世界級大都市正面臨著日益嚴重的水資源壓力[1]。北京地區(qū)各行業(yè)用水矛盾日益突出,水資源缺乏成為制約經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要因素[1],研究北京地區(qū)農(nóng)林業(yè)高效節(jié)水灌溉,利用新型節(jié)水灌溉設施,制訂既滿足植物生長水分需求又能顯著提高水資源利用率的灌溉制度,成為當前急需解決的重要問題[2-3]。
北京地區(qū)果樹灌溉以漫灌、溝灌、穴灌為主,造成水資源的大量浪費。滴灌、噴灌等節(jié)水設施的應用以溫室大棚栽培和高附加值作物栽培為主,在露天密植果園中的研究及應用很少[4-5]。痕量灌溉作為一種新型灌溉方式,能夠根據(jù)作物需要以微小的出水量對植物進行供水,與其他灌溉方式相比能夠持續(xù)且緩慢地對作物進行灌溉,滿足植物需水規(guī)律,降低水分蒸發(fā)[6]。……