劉海波 楊中鑫 范英俊 張杰
[摘 要] 目的:分析高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果及影響因素,探討高血壓腦出血腦疝的預后預測指標。方法:回顧性分析2013年2月—2016年2月于我院接受手術治療的高血壓腦出血腦疝患者105例資料。按照患者術后6個月預后質量,將格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS)Ⅳ~Ⅴ級者納入預后良好組,將Ⅰ~Ⅲ級者納入預后不良組,分析年齡、GCS評分、血腫量、手術時機等因素對患者預后的影響。結果:105例患者中,預后良好46例(43.81%),預后不良59例(56.19%)。大量血腫、GCS評分≤8分、腦室積血、中線移位≥1 cm、術后再出血、術后肺部感染為影響高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果的獨立危險因素,發病后6 h內手術為保護性因素(P<0.05)。結論:急診大骨瓣減壓血腫清除術對合并腦疝患者效果尚可,充分減壓,盡早實施手術、完善圍術期綜合治療,有望降低患者病死、病殘率。
[關鍵詞] 高血壓腦出血;腦疝;手術;影響因素
中圖分類號:R742 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2017)01-053-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201701021
Analysis of the factors and surgical effect of in treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia LIU Haibo,YANG Zhongxin,FAN Yingjun,ZHANG Jie. (Department of Neurosurgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College,Chengdu 610000 China)
[Abstract] Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect and factors of hernia surgery in treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, and to discuss the predictors for the prognosis of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to analyze the data of 105 cases of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage combined with cerebral hernia admitted to our hospital for surgical treatment from February 2013 to February 2016. According to the prognosis quality of patients 6 months after operation, patients prognosis quality was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) as IV-V were included in the good prognosis group, I-III in poor prognosis group, and the effect of age, GCS score, hematoma volume, operation time and other factors on the prognosis of the patients were analyzed. Results: Among the 105 patients, the prognosis was good in 46 cases (43.81%), and the prognosis was poor in 59 cases (56.19%). A large amount of hematoma, GCS score≤8, intraventricular hemorrhage, midline shift≥1 cm, postoperative bleeding, postoperative pulmonary infection was the independent risk factor of surgical effect of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia, and conducting the surgery within 6 h after onset of the disease was a protective factor (P<0.05). Conclusions: emergency large craniectomy hematoma decompression on patients hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage complicated with cerebral hernia is acceptable, fully decompressed as well as surgery should be conducted as soon as possible, and the perioperative treatment should be improved to reduce the mortality and disability.
[Key words] hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage; cerebral hernia; surgery; influencing factors
高血壓腦出血是由血壓升高所致自發性腦出血,是神經科常見病、高發病,以起病急、病情變化快、病死率高為主要特點,患者預后良好率往往低于50%[1]。手術是解除腦出血占位效應、減輕局部腦組織水腫的有效方案 [2]。腦疝是高血壓腦出血患者致死的最危險因素之一,合并腦疝患者昏迷加深,術后占位效應、腦水腫持續時間長,手術療效受限[3]。本研究就影響高血壓腦出血腦疝患者手術效果及近遠期預后的危險因素進行了分析,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2013年2月—2016年2月于我院接受手術治療且隨訪時間≥6個月的高血壓腦出血腦疝患者共105例,均參照《各類腦血管疾病診斷要點》確診[4]。患者男60例,女45例,出血部位:基底節區62例,腦葉20例,小腦23例,其中65例于發病后6 h內接受手術,其余40例于發病后6~24 h
接受手術。急診行氣管切開或氣管插管,必要時給予機械通氣;行急診大骨瓣減壓血腫清除術[5];圍手術期脫水、支持、 營養神經、處理并發癥等相關治療,術后給予高壓氧治療及機械通氣。術后10例患者發生再出血,30例發生上消化道出血,21例發生肺部感染。
1.2 分析方法
患者術后6個月進行格拉斯哥預后評分(GOS),GOS分級[6]:Ⅰ級:死亡;Ⅱ級:植物生存;Ⅲ級:重殘;Ⅳ級:輕中度殘;Ⅴ級:恢復良好。按照GOS,將恢復良好、輕中度殘者納入預后良好組,將重殘至死亡者納入預后不良組,統計兩組患者年齡、格拉斯哥昏迷評分(GCS)、血腫量等臨床資料,將存在統計學差異的因素納入Logistic多因素回歸分析,總結影響高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果的影響因素。其中,血腫量分級標準為[7]:少量出血:基底節區或腦葉出血量<30 mL,小腦出血量<10 mL;中量出血:基底節區或腦葉出血量30~50 mL,小腦出血量10~15 mL;大量出血:基底節區或腦葉出血量>50 mL,小腦出血量>15 mL。
1.3 統計學分析
SPSS20.0進行分析,單因素分析計數資料(年齡、GCS評分、血腫量等)以(n/%)表示,并采用χ2檢驗,對影響高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果的影響因素采用Logistic多因素回歸分析,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
105例患者中,恢復良好14例、輕中度殘32例,預后良好組共46例(43.81%),其余59例(56.19%)預后不良,重殘18例、植物生存13例、死亡28例。
預后良好組與預后不良組血腫量、GCS評分、腦室積血、中線移位、手術時機及術后再出血、肺部感染發生情況比較,差異有統計學意義(P>0.05)。
以預后不良(y=1)和預后良好(y=0)為因變量,回歸分析顯示大量血腫、GCS評分≤8分、腦室積血、中線移位≥1 cm、術后再出血、術后肺部感染為影響高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果的獨立危險因素,發病后6 h內手術為保護性因素(P<0.05)。
3 討論
高血壓腦出血腦疝進展至雙側瞳孔散大時,患者預后往往極差,故過往針對該類患者臨床一般不建議行手術治療[8]。醫療技術水平的提高,也提高了腦疝患者手術率,改善了患者預后[9]。本研究分析結果表明,急診大骨瓣減壓血腫清除術在保證患者生存質量方面具有一定意義,患者術后生存率可達到73.33%,但僅43.81%患者術后6個月預后良好,且未遺留殘疾者僅占13.33%,說明整體救治水平仍存在提升空間。
通過多因素分析,可以發現,血腫量、GCS評分、腦室積血、中線移位及術后再出血、肺部感染對于患者預后質量的影響較為明顯。分析原因為1)血腫量的增加意味著顱內占位效應的增強,對于已形成腦疝的患者而言,大量血腫往往造成中線結構嚴重移位[10],Korja等[11]發現,與血腫量<30 mL的高血壓腦出血患者相比,血腫量超過60 mL的患者,其病死風險上升3.6倍,預后結局也較差; 2)出血及血液破入腦室所致上行網狀系統受累是造成高血壓腦出血腦疝患者發生意識障礙、GCS評分下降的主要原因[12],
而GCS評分不超過8分者,其腦組織往往受到較為嚴重的不可逆性損害,預后質量較差;3)腦室積血可壓迫腦干上行網狀激動系統、阻塞腦室系統、誘發嚴重腦血管痙攣,加劇患者意識障礙、腦脊液循環障礙等病理生理改變,并引發繼發性腦損害[13-14],也是造成患者重殘、植物生存甚至死亡的重要原因之一;4)患者血腫自身的壓迫可導致中線移位,而中線移位超過1 cm者具有更高的微血栓形成風險[15],此時腦組織缺血、缺氧嚴重,繼發性腦水腫與腦干損害使患者恢復質量往往不夠理想;5)術后再出血的發生多與血壓控制不佳、止血不徹底、嚴重應激反應及藥物使用不當有關,而患者術后長期臥床、慢性炎癥狀態,也導致其肺部感染發生率較高[16],上述術后并發癥均可影響患者恢復速度,甚至間接造成患者死亡。
本研究結果亦顯示,發病后6 h內行超早期手術有助于改善患者預后質量,說明此時實施手術能夠盡最大限度避免血腫壓迫及血腫液化引發的化學性刺激,終止腦組織損傷的惡性循環[17-18],因此,無論患者病情是否危重、急驟,均建議行超早期手術,以改善其恢復質量。
總體而言,高血壓腦出血腦疝手術效果值得肯定,但多數患者預后質量仍不夠理想,應完善圍術期干預策略,盡早實施手術,并注重術后再出血、肺部感染的防治,控制患者預后不良的危險因素,降低其病死率與病殘率。
參 考 文 獻
[1] De Marchis G M, Lantigua H, Schmidt J M, et al. Impact of premorbid hypertension on haemorrhage severity and aneurysm rebleeding risk after subarachnoid haemorrhage[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2014, 85(1): 56-59.
[2] Romero J R, Preis S R, Beiser A, et al. Risk factors, stroke prevention treatments, and prevalence of cerebral microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(5): 1492-1494.
[3] 蘇寧, 張義松, 王忠,等. 標準外傷骨瓣治療高血壓腦出血合并腦疝形成治療體會[C]// 2014全國神經損傷大會暨天壇全國神經創傷學術研討會. 2014.
[4] Tanaka E, Koga M, Kobayashi J, et al. Blood Pressure Variability on Antihypertensive Therapy in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage The Stroke Acute Management With Urgent Risk-Factor Assessment and Improvement-Intracerebral Hemorrhage Study[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(8): 2275-2279.
[5] Kobayashi J, Koga M, Tanaka E, et al. Continuous Antihypertensive Therapy Throughout the Initial 24 Hours of Intracerebral Hemorrhage The Stroke Acute Management With Urgent Risk-Factor Assessment and Improvement–Intracerebral Hemorrhage Study[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(3): 868-870.
[6] Kernan W N, Ovbiagele B, Black H R, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(7): 2160-2236.
[7] Hemphill J C, Greenberg S M, Anderson C S, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J]. Stroke, 2015, 46(7): 2032-2060.
[8] 陳東輝, 程宏偉. 高血壓腦出血術后再出血的多因素分析[J]. 安徽醫科大學學報, 2015, 50(6): 873-876.
[9] Greving J P, Wermer M J H, Brown R D, et al. Development of the PHASES score for prediction of risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2014, 13(1): 59-66.
[10] 郭強, 張愛蓮, 宋志斌, 等. 基底核區高血壓腦出血術后患者生命質量及影響因素分析[J]. 中華物理醫學與康復雜志, 2016, 38(7): 514-523.
[11] Korja M, Lehto H, Juvela S. Lifelong rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms depends on risk factors a prospective Finnish cohort study[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(7): 1958-1963.
[12] Leffert L R, Clancy C R, Bateman B T, et al. Hypertensive disorders and pregnancy-related stroke: frequency, trends, risk factors, and outcomes[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 2015, 125(1): 124.
[13] 胥建. 高血壓性腦出血及腦室出血的系列臨床研究[D]. 濟南:山東大學, 2012.
[14] 李毅釗, 鐘志堅, 孫海鷹, 等. 丘腦基底節區高血壓腦出血的顯微外科治療及預后相關因素分析[J]. 國際神經病學神經外科學雜志, 2016, 43(1): 12-15.
[15] Chen T, Xu G, Tan D, et al. Effects of platelet infusion, anticoagulant and other risk factors on the rehaemorrhagia after surgery of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2015, 19(5): 795-799.
[16] 胡偉. 基底節區高血壓腦出血患者微創術后顱外并發癥及30天內生存率的觀察[D]. 武漢:華中科技大學, 2009.
[17] Wang X, Arima H, Heeley E, et al. Magnitude of Blood Pressure Reduction and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial Study[J]. Hypertension, 2015, 65(5): 1026-1032.
[18] Gratz P P, El-Koussy M, Hsieh K, et al. Preexisting cerebral microbleeds on susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and post-thrombolysis bleeding risk in 392 patients[J]. Stroke, 2014, 45(6): 1684-1688.