批評(píng)視域下歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)報(bào)道的概念隱喻評(píng)析

韋忠生

(福建師范大學(xué)福清分校外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，福建福清 350300)

批評(píng)視域下歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)報(bào)道的概念隱喻評(píng)析

韋忠生

(福建師范大學(xué)福清分校外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，福建福清 350300)

基于自建語(yǔ)料庫(kù)以及Black的批評(píng)性隱喻分析理論框架，對(duì)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》和《美國(guó)新聞和世界報(bào)道》中2012年和2013年30篇?dú)W洲債務(wù)危機(jī)報(bào)道的3種頻率最高的概念隱喻表現(xiàn)模式進(jìn)行識(shí)別、闡釋和解讀并予以批評(píng)性分析，得出財(cái)政狀況是物體、財(cái)政基礎(chǔ)是建筑、財(cái)政狀況是身體的結(jié)論。關(guān)注概念隱喻的語(yǔ)言層面的分析，同時(shí)注重其語(yǔ)篇連貫功能、情感功能和意識(shí)形態(tài)功能的探析，探析其強(qiáng)烈的話語(yǔ)傾向，剖析歐美政府的不同立場(chǎng)。

批評(píng)視域；概念隱喻;歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)報(bào)道

對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中的隱喻開(kāi)展研究的早期西方學(xué)者主要有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和語(yǔ)言學(xué)家。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Henderson[1]于1982年率先對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇的隱喻進(jìn)行研究，還有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家McCloskey[2]和John J. Clancy[3]。此后西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們積極開(kāi)展該方面的研究，如Dudley-Evans[4]、Boers[5]等，成果斐然，在此不予贅述。這些學(xué)者們的研究主要關(guān)注隱喻的語(yǔ)言層面，沒(méi)有將隱喻與社會(huì)中的諸多因素予以結(jié)合進(jìn)行剖析。經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇中的概念隱喻體現(xiàn)了Lakoff等人提出的概念隱喻運(yùn)行機(jī)制:通過(guò)映射，將人們比較熟悉的源域如物質(zhì)、建筑、健康等概念投射到復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)概念上去，對(duì)認(rèn)識(shí)并理解復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)概念和規(guī)律大有裨益。關(guān)鍵詞“經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇的概念隱喻研究”中國(guó)知網(wǎng)模糊檢索結(jié)果顯示為23篇期刊論文(截至2015年1月18日)，表明中國(guó)作者也主要從語(yǔ)言學(xué)角度對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇的隱喻展開(kāi)研究，分析隱喻的語(yǔ)言機(jī)制，僅有2篇論文從批評(píng)的視角對(duì)隱喻予以分析。本文擬從批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析的角度出發(fā)，試圖通過(guò)分析經(jīng)濟(jì)類(lèi)語(yǔ)篇中隱喻的語(yǔ)言機(jī)制揭示概念隱喻的話語(yǔ)功能與話語(yǔ)的傾向性。

一、批評(píng)性隱喻分析概述

批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析主要有四種方法：批評(píng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)分析法、社會(huì)文化分析法、社會(huì)認(rèn)知分析法和語(yǔ)篇?dú)v史分析方法[6]。Fairclough[7]從批評(píng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)視角,Fowler[8]和van Dijk[9]分別運(yùn)用社會(huì)文化分析法和社會(huì)認(rèn)知分析法將語(yǔ)篇納入批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析研究的視角。批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析關(guān)注的并非話語(yǔ)表層的意義,乃是話語(yǔ)生成的深層原因;它旨在透過(guò)語(yǔ)言的表面形式,揭示意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)話語(yǔ)的影響、話語(yǔ)對(duì)意識(shí)形態(tài)的反作用,以及兩者如何源于社會(huì)語(yǔ)境和意識(shí)形態(tài)并為之服務(wù)。Charteris-Blacks率先提出隱喻的批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析，將隱喻研究與批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析結(jié)合，開(kāi)展較為系統(tǒng)的研究，關(guān)注話語(yǔ)中折射出的社會(huì)關(guān)系、意識(shí)形態(tài)等問(wèn)題。隱喻的認(rèn)知學(xué)研究隱喻的語(yǔ)言表征，卻忽略了隱喻的話語(yǔ)傾向以及意識(shí)形態(tài)。按照Black的觀點(diǎn)隱喻研究者不僅應(yīng)該關(guān)注隱喻的語(yǔ)言層面的分析，還應(yīng)該注重研究隱喻與意識(shí)形態(tài)的關(guān)系。他在2004年率先提出的“批評(píng)性隱喻分析”(critical metaphor analysis)方法，將隱喻的語(yǔ)言分析與其話語(yǔ)分析予以結(jié)合，是旨在識(shí)別語(yǔ)言使用的意圖和意識(shí)形態(tài)的一種隱喻的分析方法。

Black隱喻批評(píng)性分析的基本框架由三大步驟構(gòu)成[10]：第一，隱喻的識(shí)別(metaphor identification)，要求收集語(yǔ)料,研讀文本,并確定其源域和目的域之間是否存在語(yǔ)義張力;確定隱喻關(guān)鍵詞,根據(jù)其語(yǔ)境詳加分析并統(tǒng)計(jì)其在語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的詞頻。第二，隱喻的闡釋(metaphor interpretation)，基于對(duì)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中隱喻實(shí)例的分析概括出其所代表的概念隱喻，解析概念隱喻對(duì)解釋隱喻的意義并更深刻地理解這些概念層面在意識(shí)形態(tài)中的作用。第三，隱喻的解讀(metaphor explanation)，將隱喻置于其生成和接受的社會(huì)語(yǔ)境中予以考察,探析隱喻的語(yǔ)篇建構(gòu)功能從而判斷人們?cè)谔囟ㄕZ(yǔ)境中選用特定隱喻在意識(shí)形態(tài)和修辭方面的理?yè)?jù)。隱喻的生成、發(fā)展和運(yùn)用深受社會(huì)語(yǔ)境和政治因素的制約與影響。

二、“歐洲主權(quán)債務(wù)”報(bào)道中概念隱喻的批評(píng)性分析

基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的批評(píng)性話語(yǔ)分析突破了傳統(tǒng)研究文本量小的局限，實(shí)行定量和定性分析相結(jié)合，成為當(dāng)前話語(yǔ)分析的一種新動(dòng)向[11]。本文基于批評(píng)性隱喻分析的分析模式，借助軟件工具WordSmith，以2012年和2013年英美主流媒體《衛(wèi)報(bào)》和《美國(guó)新聞和世界報(bào)道》對(duì)歐債危機(jī)的有關(guān)報(bào)道進(jìn)行分析，建立了一個(gè)擁有30篇報(bào)道共計(jì)29 349字的小型語(yǔ)料庫(kù)，對(duì)歐債危機(jī)的概念隱喻機(jī)制中3種頻率最高的概念隱喻進(jìn)行批評(píng)性分析，探析經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇隱喻的話語(yǔ)功能與話語(yǔ)傾向性。為簡(jiǎn)潔起見(jiàn)，前者用G表示,后者以US表示，不再列出媒體全稱(chēng),文中的下劃線部分均為隱喻的用法。將隱喻語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行分析，標(biāo)示了金融危機(jī)的隱喻關(guān)鍵詞共計(jì)66個(gè)詞例(token);然后，按其深層概念隱喻進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，得到主導(dǎo)型的概念隱喻3個(gè)，分別為健康隱喻(54.5%)、建筑隱喻(27.2%)和物體隱喻(18%),具體見(jiàn)表1。

1.財(cái)政狀況是物體(FINANCIAL SITUATION IS SUBSTANCE)

歐債危機(jī)報(bào)道中的第一類(lèi)概念隱喻，就是財(cái)政危機(jī)是物體。例1和例2將財(cái)政危機(jī)和緊縮政策概念化為“深淵”(abyss)，將歐洲描述為“站在深淵的邊緣”(stands on the edge of an abyss)，該形象生動(dòng)的隱喻揭示了歐洲財(cái)政將面臨的危急情況。希臘、西班牙和意大利即將“跌入深淵”(tumbling over)，表明這些國(guó)家所面臨的財(cái)政困境。例1還將這種危急情況比喻為歐元區(qū)的其他國(guó)家“就像阿爾彼斯山的登山者被拴在同一根線上，一人失足，可能致使其他人墜入深淵”，表明希臘主權(quán)債務(wù)危機(jī)對(duì)歐元區(qū)其他國(guó)家的巨大負(fù)面影響。歐洲財(cái)政所面臨的窘境躍然紙上：這種緊急狀況就是萬(wàn)丈深淵，跌入深淵將萬(wàn)劫不復(fù)。例3的“經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯不前的陷阱”，例4的“衰退波浪”(recessionary waves)“波及”，例5的“緊急資助游戲”(bailout game)和“壓力測(cè)試”(stress test)均為“財(cái)政危機(jī)是物體”這一概念隱喻的具體體現(xiàn),表明希臘債務(wù)危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重后果:不僅促使英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)低迷,還可能?chē)?yán)重影響包括美國(guó)在內(nèi)的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)。監(jiān)管者所采取的用于檢測(cè)銀行運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀況的技術(shù)就是“壓力測(cè)試”，可以檢驗(yàn)歐盟應(yīng)對(duì)歐債危機(jī)這一壓力的抗壓能力。

表1 語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中與歐債危機(jī)有關(guān)的概念隱喻

例1.Europe stands on the edge of an abyss,its most dangerous financial crisis since the 1930s.Greece,Spain,and Italy are the closest to tumbling over, but all the others in the eurozone are roped together like Alpine climbers, the fall of one threatening to bring down the rest. And the drag on the rest of the world,very much including the United States,would be calamitous.(US,June 4, 2012)(下劃線為筆者所加,下同)

例2.But over the weekend, European Union economic commissioner Olli Rehn finally signaled support for stepping back from austerity’s abyss.(US,April 23,2013)

例3.But this time is,well,different.It’s not “just” that southern Europe is stuck in a depression and Britain is stuck in a no-growth trap.(ditto)

例4.Europe’s problems could create “recessionary waves” that would “spill” over into the rest of the global economy,including the United States,but also the rest of the OECD.(US,November 27,2012)

例5.The European press has been having a field day with the story.The game is being called “the bailout game” and “a stress test” in reference to a technique regulators use to measure the soundness of big banks.(US,June 22,2012)

2.財(cái)政基礎(chǔ)是建筑(FINANCIAL BASIS IS BUILDING)

在人類(lèi)認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中表示經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的建筑概念隱喻在經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇中司空見(jiàn)慣。有史以來(lái)建筑與人類(lèi)共存，人們對(duì)建筑物的重要性有著深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)，因此經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇不乏建筑概念隱喻，將熟悉的建筑源域投射到一個(gè)不熟悉的、抽象的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域來(lái)描述財(cái)政危機(jī)和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退所導(dǎo)致的嚴(yán)重后果，有時(shí)甚至是毀滅性的打擊。因此建筑概念域往往投射到經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇中就習(xí)以為常了。無(wú)論在英語(yǔ)文化中,抑或漢語(yǔ)文化中,人們對(duì)建筑物的體驗(yàn)和認(rèn)知都是相同的，在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中都存在將經(jīng)濟(jì)視為建筑物的隱喻現(xiàn)象,而且它們的隱喻表達(dá)方式幾乎毫無(wú)二致。[12]以下的這些有關(guān)歐洲債務(wù)危機(jī)報(bào)道的語(yǔ)言實(shí)例均為建筑概念隱喻，如例6銀行的倒閉(collapse)和例9歐盟的崩潰(collapse),例7的加入歐盟就是“圍困在一棟沒(méi)有消防通道的正在燃燒的建筑物中”(trapped in a burning building with no fire exit，引申為“無(wú)法提供緊急救助措施”),還將活動(dòng)概念化為建筑物，因此與之密切相關(guān)的就有“正在坍塌”(is collapsing,引申為“消失”),“正在動(dòng)搖”(is weakening,引申為“削弱”)和“搖擺不定”(falter,引申為“不穩(wěn)定”)。例8中1999年啟動(dòng)的歐元就像是“建筑了一座華麗但沒(méi)有屋頂足以抵御狂風(fēng)暴雨的宅第”,因?yàn)闅W盟的錯(cuò)誤在于建立了統(tǒng)一的貨幣而未同時(shí)建構(gòu)統(tǒng)一的財(cái)政、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治制度。例10歐洲和美國(guó)承擔(dān)著支撐全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的“經(jīng)濟(jì)大廈”(architecture引申為經(jīng)濟(jì)大廈)的安全，因此歐美經(jīng)濟(jì)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀況左右著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展。

例6.Equally wide of the mark have been those who stress the importance of an overarching state in charge of fiscal policy,or of a banking union to lessen the risks of banking collapse in the eurozone.(G,26 December 2012)

例7.When he was leader of the Conservative party,William Hague once likened membership of the euro to being trapped in a burning building with no fire exit.

Activity is collapsing in Italy,is weakening fast in France,and has started to falter in Germany. (G,7 October 2012)

例8.The structure erected in 1999 stopped short of a fiscal union;it was rather like building a fine house but neglecting to add a roof for stormy weather. The fundamental flaw of the EU was to pursue a monetary union without a fiscal, economic,or political one.(US,June 4,2012)

例9.The primary threat to the U.S. economy is the collapse of the EU.If that occurs, some-if not all-EU member nations would revert to their own currency.(US,November 29,2012)

例10.After all,the United States and Europe account for nearly half of the entire world’s GDP,40 percent of the world’s trade,and together are still responsible for the security architecture that keeps the global economy moving.(US,Dec. 6,2012)

3.財(cái)政狀況是身體(FINANCIAL SITUATION IS HEALTH)

人的生命狀態(tài)特征與經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)具有相似之處，因此將前者映射到后者有助于人們基于對(duì)自身健康狀況的體驗(yàn)去理解經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的類(lèi)似問(wèn)題。人們渴望的良好經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)和健康的生命狀態(tài)概念相對(duì)應(yīng)，反之經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域所出現(xiàn)的諸多問(wèn)題可以追溯至疾病的概念域，找尋直觀理解的基礎(chǔ)。[13]諸多不良經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況往往被概念化為各種疾病，疲軟、虛弱往往被用于描述惡劣的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。此外心理疾患亦被映射到經(jīng)濟(jì)概念中去。健康概念隱喻的映射激活了醫(yī)療圖式：醫(yī)生行使了與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家相似的職責(zé)，診斷不良經(jīng)濟(jì)局勢(shì),開(kāi)出治療良方，注射疫苗，調(diào)理病情,最后經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)生機(jī)。健康概念隱喻是報(bào)道的其中一個(gè)主要的概念隱喻系統(tǒng),將人們熟悉的健康狀況映射到一個(gè)較難理解的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域以描述經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)有助于加深人們對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)概念的認(rèn)知。多次重復(fù)映射往往生成常規(guī)隱喻表達(dá)方式如疲軟(weak)、流行病(pandemic)、藥方(medicine)、病人(sick man)、痛苦的(painful)、恢復(fù)(recovery)、維持經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康(keep our economy healthy);新奇隱喻表達(dá)方式也層出不窮,如mania(狂躁癥,引申為狂熱)、經(jīng)濟(jì)的免疫系統(tǒng)(immune systems of economies,引申為經(jīng)濟(jì)的抗壓能力)、不消化(indigestion,引申為不適應(yīng))、難以下咽的藥丸(bitter pill to swallow,引申為無(wú)法接受的舉措)。

例11.In practice, austerity is transforming the periphery into a vast East Germany: A zone of weak growth,low wages,poverty and no economic dynamism.(G,26 December 2012)

例12.Austerity mania is sweeping Europe. Francois Hollande’s socialist government in France will become the latest to tighten its belt when it announces 30bn (￡25bn) of spending cuts and tax increases on Friday.(G,28 September 2012)

例13.It becomes more like a pandemic, affecting the immune systems of economies and spreading from one country to another.That is the situation in the eurozone today.(G,7 October 2012)

例14.Some say that modern Europeans in the north and south are now used to a more cushioned life,and the austerity medicine is too much of a bitter pill to swallow. (US,May 6,2013)

例15.Greece has been depicted as the sick man of the continent, living well beyond its means and now unable to pay its debts.(US,June 22,2012)

例16.As long as they can continue to do that,they’ll probably continue to cause indigestion to some of our companies.(US,November 29,2012)

三、多維視角下歐債危機(jī)報(bào)道的概念隱喻語(yǔ)篇功能探析

1.語(yǔ)篇連貫功能視域下的概念隱喻探析

作者選取一個(gè)隱喻作為語(yǔ)篇主題,以此支配整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的構(gòu)建,語(yǔ)篇基于隱喻主題這一線索,生成整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的模式,形成語(yǔ)篇的信息流。[14]張瑋等(2008)[15]從認(rèn)知、語(yǔ)義以及語(yǔ)用三個(gè)層面對(duì)語(yǔ)篇中的隱喻性特征的綜合分析入手開(kāi)展研究,認(rèn)為在認(rèn)知層面借助映射和互動(dòng)語(yǔ)篇的各種要素促成了連貫語(yǔ)篇的建構(gòu)；在語(yǔ)義層面,隱喻中的語(yǔ)義蘊(yùn)涵和延伸致使語(yǔ)篇得以擴(kuò)展,使語(yǔ)篇的各部分之間相互連貫；在語(yǔ)用層面隱喻通常在主體之間達(dá)成一致的認(rèn)知,使前后呼應(yīng),形成連貫的語(yǔ)篇。廖美珍等(2010)[16]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),語(yǔ)篇的銜接與語(yǔ)篇隱喻的出現(xiàn)頻率緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。簡(jiǎn)而言之，隱喻的語(yǔ)篇跳躍頻率越低,即隱喻使用的語(yǔ)篇一致性程度越高,則語(yǔ)篇的銜接程度越高。換言之，隱喻變化越小,則語(yǔ)篇表層銜接的顯性度越大,因此語(yǔ)篇銜接性越強(qiáng)。此時(shí)，讀者理解這種語(yǔ)篇時(shí)付出的認(rèn)知努力是最低的；認(rèn)知成本越低,則表層組織程度越高。2012年6月4日的題為《歐元區(qū)可以安然無(wú)恙嗎？》的《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》將經(jīng)濟(jì)的有關(guān)領(lǐng)域比喻為建筑，構(gòu)建了財(cái)政基礎(chǔ)是建筑(FINANCIAL BASIS IS BUILDING)的概念隱喻。整篇報(bào)道2669字，雖然也有深淵隱喻和健康隱喻，但建筑隱喻為主要的概念隱喻，collapse這一隱喻關(guān)鍵詞出現(xiàn)了7次，頻率最高，體現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)篇的緊密銜接程度，歐債危機(jī)對(duì)許多經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的負(fù)面影響躍然紙上。

例17.Banks are collapsing, and over-indebted governments are running out of both money and credit.

The European dream is literally on the verge of collapsing.

If Germany and France say they won’t agree,the Greek government will have to be defaulted,raising the risk of financial contagion spreading to other countries.That is why everybody fears a banking collapse.The key for Greece to stay in the ECM is bank liquidity,and the Greeks say it is up to the Germans to provide it,or otherwise a Greek collapse will ensue and damage Germany too.

The public equity markets are not open to the Spanish banks,since they are faced with a huge collapse of residential real estate on which they have hundreds of millions in loans.

If there was a full breakup of the eurozone,you could have the imposition of (illegal) exchange controls,runs on the banks,legal uncertainties,asset price collapses,unpredictable shifts on balance sheets,freezing up of the financial system,the collapse of spending and trade,and dramatic shifts in the exchange rate of the new currencies that may emerge. (US,June 4,2012)

2.情感功能視域下的概念隱喻探析

李艷芳(2010)認(rèn)為隱喻具有激起情感的潛勢(shì),包含蘊(yùn)涵的觀點(diǎn)和評(píng)價(jià),它表明人們對(duì)某一特定事物的態(tài)度傾向性,從中可以窺見(jiàn)人們的行為方式動(dòng)機(jī)[17]。在言語(yǔ)交際中，人們往往借助具體的語(yǔ)言表述方式表達(dá)對(duì)各種事件的態(tài)度從而建構(gòu)價(jià)值體系和評(píng)判系統(tǒng)，即評(píng)價(jià)。隱喻往往是聽(tīng)眾/觀眾的特定情感的映現(xiàn)：既包含積極的價(jià)值評(píng)判，也不乏否定的評(píng)判結(jié)果。例18顯然對(duì)德國(guó)將歐元區(qū)作為其重商主義的工具頗有微詞，不僅將德國(guó)人變成“窮人”(are beggared),其目的是致使其他歐洲人也變?yōu)椤案F人”(beggar others)。例19將歐洲的銀行比喻為“僵尸銀行”(zombie banks,引申為毫無(wú)活力的銀行)，其借貸的急速緊縮將削弱銀行活力。例20認(rèn)為為數(shù)眾多的歐元區(qū)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期過(guò)著舒適的生活(feather-bedded),需要“警醒”(chill blast)，面對(duì)嚴(yán)酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)。緊縮開(kāi)支,解除管制，私有化和更靈活多樣的勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)將促使這些國(guó)家“經(jīng)濟(jì)更為健康”(leaner and fitter)?！熬o縮政策疲勞癥”(austerity fatigue,引申為抵制緊縮政策)體現(xiàn)了某些如法國(guó)一樣的歐洲富裕國(guó)家和選民的心態(tài)。脆弱(fragile)的協(xié)議隱喻和“干爸爸”(sugar daddy)隱喻則體現(xiàn)了德法兩國(guó)不愿為某些歐洲養(yǎng)尊處優(yōu)的國(guó)家無(wú)條件慷慨解囊,要求他們首先裁減開(kāi)支,然后提供貸款幫助。所有這些隱喻都體現(xiàn)了一定的話語(yǔ)傾向性，傳遞了某種情感態(tài)度。

例18.The eurozone is becoming a vehicle for German mercantilism,whereby the German people are first beggared in order subsequently to beggar others. (G,December 26,2012)

例19.Europe now has a network of zombie banks kept afloat only thanks to the efforts of the European Central Bank and the network of individual national banks.A sharp contraction in bank lending has led to weaker activity,putting pressure on public finances and leading to higher debt levels.(G, 31 October,2012)

例20.The austerity programmes come with pledges of economic reforms.Put simply,the idea is that too many eurozone countries have been feather-bedded for too long and now need a chill blast of reality to wake them up.Budget retrenchment will ensure that countries live within their means while deregulation, privatisation and more flexible labour markets will make them leaner and fitter. (G,September 28,2012)

例21.“Austerity fatigue” is beginning to afflict Europe’s more prosperous nations as well.French voters seem poised to boot President Nicholas Sarkozy in favor of a socialist candidate who favors more government spending, not less,and might upend the entire fragile agreement with Germany to backstop bailouts for poorer southern neighbors.

But absent tough reforms in troubled nations,those two lenders of last resort are reluctant to be the sugar daddy for Europe’s extravagant spenders.Sustained cutbacks first. Bailouts second. (US,April 25,2012)

3.意識(shí)形態(tài)功能視域下的概念隱喻探析

Black分析了語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中的隱喻,認(rèn)為隱喻的運(yùn)用是評(píng)價(jià)性的,而且具有意識(shí)形態(tài)意義，認(rèn)為識(shí)別語(yǔ)言所蘊(yùn)涵的意圖與意識(shí)形態(tài)是隱喻批評(píng)分析的基本要求。朱煒(2010)[18]認(rèn)為隱喻反映意識(shí)形態(tài),隱喻的意識(shí)形態(tài)性為語(yǔ)篇的批評(píng)性分析提供一個(gè)全新的視角,并可以推動(dòng)批評(píng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的跨學(xué)科研究。例22討論了對(duì)緊縮政策所持的兩種截然不同的態(tài)度，體現(xiàn)了隱喻話語(yǔ)所隱含的意識(shí)形態(tài)傾向。將增長(zhǎng)比喻為“蘋(píng)果派”(apple pie),是美國(guó)的模式,也是世界上其他國(guó)家所期盼的,把緊縮政策比喻為“生活在一棟沒(méi)有暖氣,只有冷水的公寓”(life in an unheated, cold-water flat),甚至將堅(jiān)持緊縮政策應(yīng)對(duì)歐債危機(jī)的德國(guó)總理默克爾比喻為對(duì)奧巴馬的增長(zhǎng)措施視而不見(jiàn)的“頑固不化的惡棍”(the unenlightened villain)。然而作者認(rèn)為一旦“剝離政策的……洋蔥”(引申為對(duì)政策予以分析),就會(huì)看到“宣傳的影子”(propaganda exercise)。奧巴馬的增長(zhǎng)措施是新凱恩斯主義的財(cái)政赤字和通貨膨脹的綜合，旨在刺激國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)。2009年奧巴馬的財(cái)政刺激計(jì)劃未能創(chuàng)造預(yù)期的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，美國(guó)債務(wù)與國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的比值居高不下，聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備新發(fā)行的2兆億美元貨幣帶來(lái)的是有史以來(lái)最緩慢的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。所有這些失敗未能阻止美國(guó)的政策制定者將乏味并導(dǎo)致自我毀滅的一攬子措施強(qiáng)加于德國(guó)。默克爾拒絕接受“凱恩斯的靈丹妙藥”(Keynesian snake oil)不失為明智之舉。在這篇報(bào)道中作者雖然列舉了對(duì)德國(guó)總理默克爾緊縮政策的批評(píng)，然而通過(guò)具體事實(shí)和隱喻表明這些批評(píng)具有意識(shí)形態(tài)的色彩,默克爾的緊縮政策無(wú)疑是審時(shí)度勢(shì)的明智選擇,她不愧為一位睿智的政治領(lǐng)袖。

例22.Once you frame the issue as growth versus austerity,the debate is over before it begins.Growth is as American as apple pie and is desired by every country in the world.Austerity suggests life in an unheated, cold-water flat. One half-expects Angela Merkel to show up at the G20 summit in a sackcloth and ashes.She is framed as the unenlightened villain in a policy set piece stubbornly refusing to see the wisdom of Obama’s progrowth agenda.

Yet,once we peel the policy onion we see a propaganda exercise no less audacious than Lenin’s original masterpiece.When Obama says “growth” he refers to a standard neo-Keynesian mix of fiscal deficits and money printing designed to stimulate domestic consumption by revving up the lending and spending machine one more time.Never mind that Obama’s fiscal stimulus plan in 2009 failed to produce the promised jobs or that the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio is at an all time high or that the Federal Reserve’s $2 trillion in money printing has produced the weakest economic recovery on record.These failures in the United States have not dissuaded U.S. policymakers from trying to foist the same dreary and self-destructive package on Germany.Angela Merkel is wise to reject this Keynesian snake oil. (US, May 21,2012)

四、結(jié) 語(yǔ)

經(jīng)濟(jì)語(yǔ)篇中的隱喻以其獨(dú)特的視角，通過(guò)映射，把復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)概念與較易理解的事物聯(lián)結(jié)在一起，有助于人們認(rèn)識(shí)復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)概念和規(guī)律。本文基于Lakoff等人的概念隱喻研究理論，利用Charteris-Black的批評(píng)性隱喻分析理論與框架，對(duì)《衛(wèi)報(bào)》和《美國(guó)新聞和世界報(bào)道》(2012—2013)中30篇有關(guān)歐債危機(jī)報(bào)道的3種頻率最高的概念隱喻表現(xiàn)模式財(cái)政狀況是健康(FINANCIAL SITUATION IS HEALTH)，財(cái)政基礎(chǔ)是建筑(FINANCIAL BASIS IS BUILDING)和財(cái)政危機(jī)是物體(FINANCIAL CRISIS IS SUBSTANCE)進(jìn)行批評(píng)性分析，最后對(duì)概念隱喻的語(yǔ)篇連貫功能、情感功能和意識(shí)形態(tài)功能進(jìn)行了探析，認(rèn)為有關(guān)報(bào)道的概念隱喻體現(xiàn)了歐美政府的不同立場(chǎng)與態(tài)度。

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2015-01-19

國(guó)家語(yǔ)委十二五科研規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目(YB125-98);福建省教育廳教育科研A類(lèi)和B類(lèi)項(xiàng)目(JA13351S，JB13285S)。

韋忠生(1962-)，男，副教授；E-mail:wzs6210@sina.com

1671-7031(2015)02-0118-07

H313

A