郭柳薇
分子生物學檢測在α-地中海貧血中的應用
郭柳薇★
[摘要]α-地中海貧血是一組由于α-珠蛋白基因缺失或功能障礙導致α-珠蛋白鏈完全缺如或合成不足所引起的遺傳性溶血性疾病,是我國長江以南各省發病率最高、影響最大的遺傳病之一。目前對α-地中海貧血尚無理想的治療方法。通過加強人群、婚前、產前篩查及基因診斷,防止重型地貧兒出生,是最有效的預防措施。因此快速實用、準確有效的基因診斷技術是人群、婚前、產前篩查及診斷的有力保障。本文對α-地中海貧血的分子機制、生物學檢測及應用等方面進行綜述。
[關鍵詞]α-地中海貧血;分子機制;基因診斷;應用
作者單位:廣西醫科大學第七附屬醫院梧州市工人醫院檢驗科,廣西,梧州543001
Molecular biological detection of alpha-thalassemia
GUO Liuwei★
(Clinical Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Gongren Hospital of Wuzhou, Wuzhou, Guangxi, China, 543001)
[ABSTRACT] Alpha-thalassemia is a group of genetic and hemolytic disease which is caused by alpha globin chain synthesis insufficient or absent due to a group of alpha globin gene deletion or dysfunction. As one of the largest genetic diseases, alpha-thalassemia is prevalent in south of the Yangtze River provinces in China. Currently, there are still lack of ideal treatment to the alpha-thalassemia. Strengthening on screening and diagnosing to the gene before marriage and childbirth is the best measure to prevent severe thalassemia births. Therefore, fast, accurate and effective gene diagnosis technology is a powerful guarantee for population, premarital and prenatal screening as well as diagnosis. In this paper, molecular mechanism, biological detection and application for alpha-thalassemia are summarized.
[KEY WORDS] Alpha thalassemia; Molecular mechanism; Gene diagnosis; Application
α-地中海貧血(簡稱α-地貧)是由于α-珠蛋白基因的缺失或突變導致α-珠蛋白肽鏈的合成減少或缺乏所致的遺傳性溶血性疾病[1]。α-地貧主要是因為α-珠蛋白基因的大片段缺失引起(缺失型--SEA、-α3.7、-α4.2),少數類型為小片段堿基插入、缺失或點突變所致(非缺失型αWS、αCS、αQS)。α-地貧最大的危害是嚴重影響生命質量的血紅蛋白H (hemoglobin H,HbH)病和致死的血紅蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)Bart’s胎兒水腫綜合征。據WHO估計,全球有接近5億的人攜帶血紅蛋白病突變基因,占全球總人數7%[2],其中約有2.6億人是α-地中海貧血基因攜帶者,主要集中分布在非洲、地中海、東南亞等地區;我國長江以南的廣大地域為地中海貧血高發區,其中尤以廣西、廣東和海南三省(區)為甚。廣西自治區2010年的地貧流行病學調查顯示α-地貧的人群攜帶率高達17.55%[2],廣東省2004年的地貧流行病學抽樣調查顯示α-地貧的人群攜帶率為8.53%[2],對人類健康和人口質量構成嚴重威脅。……