周達,范建高
·導向與述評·
腸道菌群與非酒精性脂肪性肝病研究進展
周達,范建高
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發病率不斷升高,對其發生、發展及防治研究變得極為迫切。近年來腸道菌群被認為是機體一個重要的“特殊器官”,參與機體代謝及相關疾病的發生、發展,與NAFLD關系密切。本文就腸道菌群與NAFLD的關系研究進行綜述。
脂肪肝;腸桿菌科;生態失調;內毒素類;乙醇
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發病率逐年增高,已成為我國第一大慢性肝病[1]。它是遺傳-環境-代謝應激相關性疾病,以肝實質細胞脂肪變性和脂肪蓄積為特征,其疾病譜包括單純性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、肝硬化甚至原發性肝癌[2]。NAFLD發病機制復雜[3],近年研究表明機體腸道菌群與NAFLD關系密切,為NAFLD發病機制及防治研究提供了新的切入點。
機體腸道內寄居著大量厭氧和兼性需氧細菌共生群體,可以看作是一個位于腸道內的特殊微生物器官,受宿主基因型及環境雙重調控[4-5]。腸道菌群數量可達1014,其所含基因總量是人類的100倍之多,主要由厚壁菌門、擬桿菌門、放線菌門、疣微菌門、變形菌門等構成,以前二種為主(約占總體的90%)[6],影響著宿主發育、能量代謝和免疫功能,對機體各種生理病理活動發揮重要調節作用[7]。隨著研究深入,腸道菌群與代謝性疾病之間的復雜機制越來越多得以闡述[8]。本文就腸道菌群與NAFLD之間的復雜調控關系進行闡述。
肥胖和胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是NAFLD發生發展的二大最重要因素[9]。大量人體和動物學研究均顯示肥胖與腸道菌群密切相關[10]。肥胖者體內腸道菌群結構失調,厚壁菌門和放線菌門含量比例顯著升高而擬桿菌門下降。通過移植肥胖者菌群至正常者,可引起后者明顯肥胖,促進能量代謝吸收增加[11-12],而移植正常者菌群是否能夠減輕肥胖、減少能量攝入仍不十分明確,但前景依然樂觀。一項人體學研究提示,通過腸道菌群移植,增加了代謝綜合征患者的胰島素敏感性,同時改善其腸道菌群結構[13]。值得一提的是,腸道菌群與肥胖的復雜關系不能簡單理解為厚壁菌門和擬桿菌門2種優勢菌門比例失調造成,還包括內部微生物群結構的變化[14]。
Mouzaki等[15]研究顯示,NASH患者腸道內擬桿菌含量比例比單純性脂肪肝患者和健康對照者低,其糞便中球形梭菌含量比單純性脂肪肝患者高,提示NASH的發病與糞便中擬桿菌的含量呈負相關,且不受飲食/體質量指數影響的。另一項研究也表明,腸道菌群可以不依賴于肥胖而獨立促進NAFLD的發生,同時使機體對高脂飲食產生差異性反應[16]。
由此可知,腸道菌群與代謝性疾病關系密切,與NAFLD之間并非僅存在間接作用,而且存在相互的直接作用,后者更值得進一步探索,以發現其中的奧秘。
關于NAFLD的發病機制,較為認可的是“二次打擊”學說。第一次打擊主要是IR增加了肝細胞內脂質沉積;第二次打擊主要是內質網應激、線粒體功能障礙、脂質過氧化及多種炎癥因子的釋放[3],上述機制均與腸道菌群密不可分。腸道菌群失調或過度生長可以引起肥胖及IR已無爭議[17-18],此外還可以導致腸道內細菌毒素(如脂多糖)產生增多,破壞腸黏膜結構,使其通透性增加,促進毒素吸收和菌群移位,由門靜脈入肝而進一步促進NAFLD發展[19]。同時,人體學及動物學均證實患NAFLD的機體存在小腸細菌過度生長及腸道通透性增加[20-21],二者互為促進,形成不良循環。
細菌毒素吸收增加,可通過門靜脈直接造成肝細胞損害,同時脂多糖可以作用于肝內Kupffer細胞及星狀細胞表面多種Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor, TLR),特別是TLR-4,激活受體下游MyD88和轉錄因子——核因子κB,最終促進其分泌各種促炎因子,如腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α以及白細胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6、IL-18和IL-12等[3,22-23]。這些炎癥因子又進一步促進IR、肝內脂質過氧化、內質網應激以及線粒體功能障礙,最終導致NAFLD的發展惡化[24-25]。但細菌毒素并非僅僅影響了促炎因子,而是造成促炎與抗炎因子失衡使疾病進展[22]。
此外,菌群異常可以抑制腸上皮細胞分泌饑餓誘導脂肪細胞因子,后者為脂肪酶抑制物,調節外周脂肪代謝,其被抑制后可以增加脂肪酶活性,促進脂肪細胞甘油三酯異位至肝臟,促進NAFLD的發展[19]。
近年來,眾多研究發現:排除體外乙醇攝入情況,糖尿病和NASH患者體內乙醇含量均較健康對照者升高,意味著這部分患者自體產生過多乙醇,即內生性乙醇,同時NASH患者肝內代謝乙醇相關基因表達明顯升高[26-28];肥胖患者或肥胖小鼠的血乙醇濃度較正常體重者增加[29-30];Zhu等[26]研究還發現,NASH患者的腸道菌群與肥胖者和健康者的腸道菌群存在明顯的差異,NASH患者腸道內大腸埃希菌明顯多于肥胖者。大腸埃希菌能夠發酵產生乙醇,是內源性乙醇的主要來源[31]。內源性乙醇會被肝臟乙醇脫氫酶、過氧化氫酶及微粒體乙醇氧化系統代謝清除,但當乙醛脫氫酶活性過低時,造成乙醛代謝障礙,導致蓄積。乙醇和乙醛對組織和肝臟均可造成直接的氧化損傷,通過激活體內相關酶活性,導致體內氧自由基產生增多和脂質過氧化。同時,乙醛可以損害腸黏膜,導致腸黏膜通透性增加,內毒素吸收增多,促進NASH的發生及持續進展[32-33]。
在正常情況下,人體內會不斷產生乙醇[34],腸道菌群發酵是內源性乙醇的主要來源,小腸細菌過度生長及腸道菌群紊亂均可導致內源性乙醇增多。由此可見,腸道菌群體內發酵不容忽視,其代謝發酵產物對人體病理生理至關重要[35],除了存在對機體不利的產物,也有相當多產物對機體有利,比如短鏈脂肪酸、維生素等[36]。因此如何高效、優化利用菌群代謝,使其對人體產生更加有益的作用有待進一步探討。
腸肝軸是肝腸對話的一個重要通路,除了傳輸各種營養、生理活性物質、眾多病原性和免疫性物質,甚至推測淋巴細胞也通過腸肝軸循環由腸道轉移至肝臟,參與NAFLD發生發展[37-39]。腸道菌群對機體免疫系統的發育成熟至關重要,同時機體免疫系統也影響宿主腸道菌群的最終結構[40-42]。
腸道黏膜及黏膜下層存在數量和種類眾多的免疫細胞,與腸道菌群相互作用。腸道菌群可以調控腸道不同淋巴細胞亞群[如輔助性T細胞(T helper cells,Th)1/Th2、調節性T細胞/Th17]的分化,調節B細胞、自然殺傷T細胞、樹突狀細胞、巨噬細胞等免疫細胞功能活性,維持黏膜免疫系統中促炎與抗炎機制之間的動態平衡,是黏膜免疫穩態的關鍵調節因素,避免自身免疫[43-45];其失調可以導致免疫細胞比例失調,黏膜免疫穩態被打破,誘發炎性因子分泌紊亂,可通過腸肝軸直接影響到肝臟[42]。但是,腸道淋巴細胞特異性歸巢入肝仍需要更多強有力的直接證據,而通過對腸道免疫干預是否可以防治NAFLD值得進一步探討。
腸道菌群在NAFLD發生發展中的重要作用為NAFLD的干預和防治提供了嶄新的思路,調節腸道菌群以改善NAFLD值得深層次研究[46]。
益生菌對各種病因所致慢性肝病均有改善作用。針對NAFLD的益生菌療法不論在臨床上還是動物實驗中已得到支持[46-47],其可以提高宿主免疫力,抑制有害菌生長及移位,保護腸黏膜屏障,減少毒素吸收,顯著降低肝內促炎因子(如干擾素γ、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等)的表達分泌,改善IR,減輕NAFLD患者體內氧化/氮化應激,明顯改善肝臟病理過程[46,48]。此外,可進行口服抗生素(如多粘菌素B)治療,直接清除過度繁殖的致病菌,但該種方法容易破壞腸道正常定植菌,造成細菌耐藥,存在一定的風險[46]。雖然有較多實驗為益生菌治療NAFLD提供了依據,但還須進行大樣本臨床隨機對照試驗。益生菌的真實療效有待進一步明確。
我們在研究通過調節腸道菌群治療NAFLD時,目光不僅要聚焦腸道菌群本身,更要關注其代謝產物(如短鏈脂肪酸等)的作用。目前同樣有眾多研究提示菌群代謝產物在改善和調節機體代謝方面發揮不可或缺的作用[49],也許二者聯合可以提供更完整有效的NAFLD防治策略。
NAFLD已成為全球性的第一大慢性肝病,并在未來長時間內將持續存在,但是至今沒有明確的理想防治策略。深入研究腸道菌群在NAFLD發病和進展中所起的作用,使得發現該類疾病嶄新的預防和治療策略成為可能,也進一步使探索腸道菌群或其代謝相關產物作為對NAFLD系列疾病預測評估指標成為可能。
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(2015-04-21收稿2015-06-05修回)
(責任編委李軍本文編輯王姝)
Research progress of the correlation between intestinalm icrobiota and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
ZHOU Da,FAN Jian-gao*
Department of Gastroenterology,Xinhua Hospital,Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai200092,China
*Corresponding author,E-mail:fattyliver2004@126.com
Currently,themorbidity ofnonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is increasing,so it is extremely pivotal to study the development,progression,prevention and treatmentof NAFLD.Intestinalmicrobiota,as an importantand special organ of the body, intimately participates in the metabolism of the body,and the development and progression of NAFLD as well.In this article,the correlation between intestinalmicrobiota and NAFLD is reviewed.
fatty liver;Enterobacteriaceae;dysbiosis;endotoxins;ethanol
R575.5;R378.1
A
1007-8134(2015)04-0200-04
10.3969/j.issn.1007-8134.2015.04.003
國家重點基礎研究發展計劃(973計劃)項目(2012CB 517501);國家自然基金(81070322、81270491、81470840);上海市科委課題(0914090350、10411956300);中國肝炎防治基金(XJS20120 501);上海市衛生局百人計劃(XBR 2011007)
200092,上海交通大學醫學院附屬新華醫院消化內科(周達、范建高)
范建高,E-mail:fattyliver2004@126.com