英語get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)分析*

劉 蔚

(黃岡師范學(xué)院外國語學(xué)院，湖北黃岡438000)

動詞get+v－ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)。英語get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)既可以表示動作，又可以表示狀態(tài)。也就是說，英語get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)既可以是行為被動語態(tài)，又可以是狀態(tài)被動語態(tài)。無論get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示動作還是狀態(tài)，其v－ed形式必須由動態(tài)及物動詞構(gòu)成。這是因為靜態(tài)動詞表示狀態(tài)或者感覺，一般不能用于被動語態(tài)，當(dāng)然也不能用于get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)。get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)具有自己的時體形式。

一、get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)

當(dāng)get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞由延續(xù)性及物動詞構(gòu)成時，往往表示動作，get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)為行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)有相應(yīng)的主動結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

(1)a．The student got punished by the teacher for his cheating in the exam．

b．The teacher punished the student for his cheating in the exam．

(2)a．More and more countries are getting attacked by the terrorists．

b．The terrorists are attacking more and more countries．

上述兩例中的v－ed分詞punished和attacked分別由延續(xù)性及物動詞punish和attack構(gòu)成，具有動態(tài)意義，表示行為動作。由于是行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)，所以上述兩例可以帶有表示行為發(fā)出者的介詞短語by the teacher和by the terrorists．在get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞get為助動詞，沒有詞匯意義，不能當(dāng)操作詞，需借助助動詞 do(don’t，does，doesn’t)或者 did(didn’t)構(gòu)成疑問、否定或者強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。例如:

(3)How did the car get broken down?

(4)She doesn’t get paid．

(5)I do get invited to their wedding．

get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的時體形式，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時，一般將來時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，過去進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時。例如:

(6)The house gets white － washed every third year．

(7)The car got broken down when we drove back．

(8)You will get paid tomorrow．

(9)More and more countries are getting attacked by the terrorists．

(10)The workers were getting employed by the boss．

(11)That team has got defeated．

(12)Tom had got killed in the accident when the people found him．

get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)可用作不定式。例如:

(13)We hear that we are going to get paid by hours．

get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)具有獨特的語義特征。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示動作，而不表示狀態(tài)。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免像be型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)那樣出現(xiàn)歧義。例如:

(14)a．They were defeated in that game．

b．They got defeated in that game．

(14)a既可表示“他們在那場比賽中處于敗局”，也可表示:“他們在那場比賽被

打敗。”而(14)b只表示“他們在那場比賽中被打敗。

get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以表示行為結(jié)果是主語自己造成的。例如:

(15)The driver got hurt in the accident．

get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)可表示突發(fā)事件或事故，常與in the end，eventually，at last等

副詞搭配。例如:

(16)He got caught in the rain．

(17)Eventually he got invited to give a lecture in the uni-versity．

二、get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)

get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)與be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)一樣，相當(dāng)于SVC結(jié)構(gòu)。在get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞get與be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞be一樣，是表示結(jié)果的連系動詞。v－ed分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，具有靜態(tài)意義，作補(bǔ)語，表示主語所具有的狀態(tài)特征或者主語由于動作的結(jié)束所導(dǎo)致的行為結(jié)果。get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)也可以看作一種假被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，以被動形式表示主動意義。get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞可由終止性及物動詞和導(dǎo)致某種狀態(tài)變化的及物動詞，包括心理使役動詞和色彩使役動詞構(gòu)成。例如:

(18)We are getting bogged down in all sorts of problems．

(19)They got married last month．

(20)She got surprised and overjoyed at the good news．

(21)The young man got tanned in the summer vocation．

(22)Tom got too absorbed in his novel to hear the knock at the door．

此外，get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed分詞還可由接反身代詞的及物動詞構(gòu)成。這時，get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的意義相當(dāng)于“transitive verb+oneself”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

(23)a．He got dressed and went downstairs．

b．He dressed himself and went downstairs．

(24)a．The official got engaged in the taking－bribe．

b．The official engaged himself in the taking－bribe．

get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的get不能當(dāng)操作詞，需借助助動詞 do(don’t，does，doesn’t)或者 did(didn’t)構(gòu)成疑問、否定或者強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。例如:

(25)How did the cart get stuck in the mud?

(26)She doesn’t get accustomed to the Sichuan food．

(27)The more I hear，the more I do get confused．

get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)除了具有g(shù)et型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)型的7種時體形式外，還有將來進(jìn)行時和完成進(jìn)行時兩種時體形式。例如:

(28)Some college students will be getting interested in online learning．

(29)Recently they have been getting engaged in that project．

get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)也可用作不定式。例如:

(30)We hear that her daughter is to get married to a young professor．

在與副詞的搭配上，get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)不同于be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)。修飾be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞可放在be之前或者be之后或者句末，而修飾get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞只能放在get之前或者句末。例如:

(31)a．She was finally married．

b．She finally was married．

c．She finally got married．

d．She got married finally．

但是不可說:

She got finally married．

(32)a．The cart isn’t yet stuck in the mud．

b．The cart isn’t stuck in the mud yet．

c．The cart didn’t get stuck in the mud yet．

d．The cart din’t yet get in the mud．

但是不可說:

The cart didn’t get yet in the mud．

get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)也可與 with，at，to，in，about，over等介詞搭配，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)特征或者行為方式。

三、結(jié)語

英語get型被動結(jié)構(gòu)已從口語體逐漸為人們所接受。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免像be型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)那樣出現(xiàn)歧義。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以表示行為結(jié)果是主語自己造成的。get型行為被動結(jié)構(gòu)可表示突發(fā)事件或事故，常與in the end，eventually，at last等副詞搭配。由于get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中的v－ed相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以該結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作復(fù)合謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。這種復(fù)合謂語式的狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)不同于be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)。在復(fù)合謂語式的狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，特殊連系動詞get既具有連系動詞to be的功能，又具有實意動詞的詞匯意義。因此，get型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)要比be型狀態(tài)被動結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的語言更形象、更生動，所包含的信息更多、更豐富。

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