摘要:定語從句貫穿于每篇文章的始終,除了在運用過程中應注意關聯詞和先行詞的正確使用之外,還應重視考生易犯的幾種錯誤。
關鍵詞:定語從句;易犯錯誤;高中英語
中圖分類號:G633.41 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2012)03-0163-02
定語從句,又稱之為形容詞性從句,它貫穿于每篇文章的始終。由于形容詞常作定語,用來修飾某些人或事物,它除了在運用過程中應注意關聯詞和先行詞的正確使用之外,根據歷年高考題型的單選題和改錯題的特點,再根據英漢語言、詞語及位置的差異,有些考生還易犯下列幾種錯誤:
1.在定語從句中又出現了(使用了)先行詞或代替先行詞的詞。
例如:(1)This is the most instructive film I have ever seen it。應去掉“it”,因為先行詞由形容詞最高級修飾,that引導定語從句,that代替先行詞的詞義并省略。
(2)This is the hall where we had a meeting there a few days ago.去掉“there”,不知道關聯詞就代替了先行詞在定語從句中的意思。
2.由于只考慮先行詞而不顧及關聯詞在從句的語法功能所致。
例如:The school where we visited yesterday was set up five years ago.將where改為which/that或省掉which/that,visit是及物動詞。
例如:We'll never forget the days_____we spent during the holiday.
A.when B.which C.where D.why 答案:B
3.由于分辨不清楚由what引導名詞性從句和that引導定語從句差別。
例如:That's all what I want to say.改為That's all(that) I want to say.或That's what I want to say.
4.由于對關系代詞that不會使用或記憶錯誤所致。
例如:(1)Everything which can be done must be done.
(2)This is the last place which I want to visit.
(3)This is the most interesting story which I have ever read.
(4)The characters and conditions which were in the film were very strange.
將(1)(2)(3)(4)中的which改為that。(1)中不知先行詞是不定代詞或不定復合代詞,定語從句關系代詞用that。(2)中不知先行詞被much,only,any,next,last,very等修飾要用that引導定語從句。(3)中不知先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾,仍用that引導定語從句。(4)中不知當先行詞不只一個時,有的指人有的指物,關系代詞用that。另外。當先行詞是特殊疑問詞用that。
例如:Who that you are talking to is the young fellow?再應注意,當關系代詞在從句中作表語或there be結構中作主語時,that也可省略。
例如:(1)I am no longer the man?搖?搖?搖?搖I used to be 20 years ago.
A.Who B.Whom C.that D.Whose
答案:C
(2)Mr.Lauren still talks like the man that he was ten years ago.
勞倫先生說話的樣子跟十年前一樣,一點沒變。
(3)He asks for the latest book that there is on the subject.
他要找有關這個題材的最新的書。
5.把強調句型誤認為定語從句。
例如:(1)Was it yesterday when he met an old friend in the street?
將when改為that,原因是強調句型不論強調時間或地點都不用when或where,要用that。
6.分辨不清現在分詞短語作狀語和非限制性定語從句區別。
例如:⑴The meeting was attended by many people,all of?搖?搖?搖?搖stayed until the end.
A.them B.Whom C.Who D.that
答案是B,屬于非限制性定語從句。
(2)Hearing the good news,all of jumped with joy.
A.us B.whom C.who D.that
答案:A,現在分詞作狀語.
7.混淆as與which引導非限制性定語從句的區別及用法。
相同點:which與as引導非限制性定語從句其先行詞不是一個詞,而是指主句的整個內容,表明說話人的觀點和看法。不同點:which在從句中不能置于主句之前。而as既可以在主句之前,可置于其后,也可插在主語和謂語之間。
例如:(1)The third blind said“This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.”(as在從句中做see的賓語)。
(2)she married him,as was natural.
(3)John,as you know,writes plays.
再:as“正如,正像”“一致”時,用之。Which“這一點”,which先行詞可以是單個名詞,as為整個句子。例如:The meeting,which was held in the park,as a success.
The meeting was a success,as was expected.
若主句內容與從句內容上不一致,或從句對主句內容起反對、排斥、否定等作用時,多用which;而as只能用于主從句的內容一致。
She has married again,as was expected.
She has married again,which was unexpected.
8.分辨不清定語從句與同位語從句區別。定語從句前的先行詞是普通名詞,且關聯詞除了連接主從句外,還在從句中擔任成份。而同位語從句前是抽象名詞,目的是為了進一步說明該名詞的內容,只起聯接主從句作用,不擔任成份,且不能省略。
例如:This is the very book(that)I want.(定語從句)
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位語從句)
注意:where引導定語從句可以修飾抽象名詞,它的名詞不是具體的名詞,而是一個抽象名詞,即:point/case/activity/situation/position…etc.
例如:You reach a point where medicine can't help.
總之,掌握定語從句的八種錯誤,就掌握了定語從句的基本用法。
作者簡介:劉瓊(1969-),男,陜西楊凌人,楊陵中學一級教師。