淺談如何在高考書面表達(dá)中得高分

書面表達(dá)可以說是高考英語卷中最能體現(xiàn)學(xué)生綜合能力的一道題，并不是每個(gè)學(xué)生都能很好地掌握其答題技巧，答卷中普遍存在語句表達(dá)單一、句式結(jié)構(gòu)不豐富的問題。還有不少學(xué)生存在疑惑，為什么有時(shí)候表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)齊全，表述的方式也正確，可就是得不到高分呢？

我們來看看近年來高考英語書面表達(dá)的最高檔評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“覆蓋所有主要內(nèi)容；應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。”可見，高考書面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在語言的運(yùn)用上對(duì)考生提出了更高的要求，在考查考生語言準(zhǔn)確性的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了用詞的得體性、表達(dá)方式的多樣性。如果學(xué)生僅運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的詞匯和基本的句型，不能體現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，即使要點(diǎn)齊全、表達(dá)沒有語法錯(cuò)誤，也很難在考試的評(píng)分中被劃到較高檔次。事實(shí)上，評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給我們傳遞出了一個(gè)信息：應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)有能力的學(xué)生使用高級(jí)詞匯、復(fù)雜句式和適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。

一、適度使用較高級(jí)詞匯

詞匯的掌握程度體現(xiàn)出英文知識(shí)的貯存量，是衡量英語水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。但如何才能有效地使用好高級(jí)詞匯呢？具體有以下幾種方法：

（一）用短語代替單詞

先比較兩個(gè)句子：（1）He is healthy.（2）He is in good health/condition.很顯然，句（2）比句（1）表達(dá)要高級(jí)一些，原因在于句（2）中用短語替代了句（1）中的單詞。因而在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中，我們可以多用短語解釋單詞，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多背詞組。如：

1. He decided to study hard.

→ He was determined to/made up his mind to study hard.

2. This painting is very valuable.

→ This painting is of great value.

3. The earthquake ruins is a sad place for living people.

→The earthquake ruins is a place full of sadness for living people.

每一組的第二句我們都運(yùn)用了短語來替換單詞，相比之下，語言的豐富性和運(yùn)用的熟練性都能在這樣的句子中得到清晰體現(xiàn)。

（二）用高級(jí)表達(dá)代替一般表達(dá)

如：“我突然想出一個(gè)好辦法。”很多學(xué)生會(huì)這樣翻譯：Suddenly I thought out a good idea.我們學(xué)過occur， strike， flash， 如果換用這些詞，寫成：A good idea occurred to me./A good idea suddenly struck me./A good idea flashed upon me.立刻就會(huì)讓閱卷老師眼前一亮。

(三)用介詞或介詞短語代替句子

有時(shí)，學(xué)生誤認(rèn)為用從句比用簡(jiǎn)單句好些，其實(shí)在寫作中，有時(shí)句子簡(jiǎn)單干練會(huì)更好。如：

1．A person can’t reach his goal if he doesn’t work hard.

→A person can’t reach his goal without hard work.

此句在用介詞短語代替從句時(shí)還恰當(dāng)?shù)赜昧穗p重否定句，進(jìn)一步突出了hard work 的重要性。

2．When she heard that he had succeeded， she burst out cheering.

→At the news of his success/On hearing his success， she burst out cheering.

3. China is a country which has a long history. →China is a country with a long history.

(四)諺語或習(xí)語的使用

在一篇文章中恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用諺語或習(xí)慣用語更能使其大放異彩。同樣拿the importance of hard work來講，當(dāng)學(xué)生想說明hard work重要性的時(shí)候，可以寫道：As Edison put it: “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninetynine percent perspiration.” As the saying goes， No pains， no gains. 要舉例說明時(shí)可寫：Actions speak louder than words. 鼓勵(lì)那些沒有天賦的人不要放棄時(shí)可寫：Where there is a will， there is a way. Believe in yourself， and you’ll succeed in the end.有了諺語的點(diǎn)綴，文章讀起來更有說服力。在平時(shí)教學(xué)中就可以適當(dāng)教些諺語。如，談到友誼時(shí)用：A friend in need is a friend indeed. 談到要有良好的開端時(shí)用：A good beginning is half done. 鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生學(xué)知識(shí)時(shí)用： Knowledge is power. 談到知識(shí)要反復(fù)練習(xí)時(shí)用：Practice makes perfect. 談到用一分為二的辨證觀點(diǎn)看問題時(shí)用：Every coin has two sides.點(diǎn)滴的積累終將匯成江海。

二、學(xué)會(huì)使用較豐富的句式結(jié)構(gòu)

在整篇文章中，應(yīng)避免只使用一到兩種句型。句型靈活多變，才能使文章的語言結(jié)構(gòu)更加豐富多彩，使文章更加具有可讀性。如可恰當(dāng)使用各種從句、非謂語動(dòng)詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、同位語、倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句等。下面列舉一些常見句式：

1. To his parents’ disappointment， he failed in the exam.

→What disappointed his parents is that he failed in the exam.（用What引導(dǎo)名詞性從句）

→It disappointed his parents that he failed in the exam. (用It作形式主語，that作真正的主語)

像表達(dá)“令某人感到……”一類的意思都能用這樣的句型，可用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞有：embarrass， puzzle， surprise， interest， delight， excite， move， frighten， scare等。

2. You should put up the notices on the wall. There all the people may see them.

→You should put up the notices where all the people may see them.( 用where引導(dǎo)狀語從句將兩個(gè)單句連接起來）

3. We will make a difference by working hard.

→Only by working hard will we make a difference.（Only 修飾介詞短語置于句首，句子用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）

4. He did not recognize her until she took off her sunglasses.

→It was not until she took off her sunglasses that he recognized her.

→Not until she took off her sunglasses did he recognize her.

not ... until是一個(gè)常見的句式，但后面的兩個(gè)句子將它進(jìn)行了活用，一個(gè)是not... until的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，一個(gè)是not... until置于句首的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，像這樣的句子就很能顯示功底。

5. The new policy may cause more unemployment. It might bring some other social problems.

→The new policy may cause more unemployment， which might bring some other social problems.（將兩個(gè)單句改為which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，借用了代詞指代前面句子內(nèi)容的共性）

6. Because he was caught in the traffic jam， he failed to arrive on time.

→Caught in the traffic jam， he failed to arrive on time.（用過去分詞短語代替原因狀語從句）

7. They sang and laughed as they went back to school.

→Singing and laughing， they went back to school.（用現(xiàn)在分詞表伴隨）

常見的句式很多，上面只是對(duì)高中常見句式的歸納，要讓學(xué)生熟練運(yùn)用，首先要讓他們記住這些句式，其次是在寫作中出現(xiàn)上述結(jié)構(gòu)但他們又沒運(yùn)用高級(jí)表達(dá)時(shí)，讓他們進(jìn)行改寫，反復(fù)訓(xùn)練，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生這方面的思維能力。

三、使用恰當(dāng)連接詞或過渡性詞語

合理、有效地使用各種連接或過渡性詞語，對(duì)寫出一篇“地道”的文章很重要，能使整篇文章上下銜接自然、緊湊，層次清晰，行文連貫。

總之，要讓學(xué)生在高考書面表達(dá)中得高分就要讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)在一定的語境中，準(zhǔn)確地使用一定的句型、詞匯，清楚、連貫地用英語表達(dá)意思。這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜而長(zhǎng)期的工作，不是靠高考前的短時(shí)間訓(xùn)練能一蹴而就的。教師要把對(duì)學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)貫穿于整個(gè)高中階段的教學(xué)中，注重讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行詞匯、語法、句型等各項(xiàng)表達(dá)基本功的鍛煉。

（責(zé)任編輯周侯辰）