摘 要: 本文對(duì)近年來(lái)政府工作報(bào)告等文獻(xiàn)的權(quán)威譯本進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真仔細(xì)的分析,對(duì)“農(nóng)民工”一詞的翻譯及其歷史演變進(jìn)行了歸納和總結(jié),指出翻譯應(yīng)根據(jù)時(shí)代的變化而變化。
關(guān)鍵詞: 政府工作報(bào)告 “農(nóng)民工” 翻譯
在漢語(yǔ)中,“農(nóng)民”是一個(gè)很常見(jiàn)的詞。在政治文章中,其出現(xiàn)的頻率更高。但是“農(nóng)民工”一詞則出現(xiàn)得較少。“農(nóng)民工”在《毛澤東選集》、《鄧小平選集》、十四大、十五大、十六大報(bào)告中都未曾出現(xiàn)過(guò),甚至在2003年以前的歷屆政府工作報(bào)告中,“農(nóng)民工”一詞也未曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)。2003年3月5日,朱镕基同志在其所作的政府工作報(bào)告中有一處首次提到了“農(nóng)民工”問(wèn)題。在英譯本中,該詞被翻譯為farmer-laborers,例如:
“支持農(nóng)民進(jìn)城務(wù)工就業(yè),清理和糾正對(duì)農(nóng)民工的歧視性政策和亂收費(fèi),保護(hù)他們的合法權(quán)益,”
We encouraged farmers to take up temporary or permanent jobs in cities and protected their legitimate rights and interests by rectifying policy discrimination and unauthorized collection of dues from farmer-laborers.
因?yàn)檫@一譯法未能表達(dá)“農(nóng)民工”一詞的真正含義且有中式英語(yǔ)之嫌,所以在以后的政府工作報(bào)告中,這一譯法再未出現(xiàn)過(guò)。在2004年溫家寶總理所作的政府工作報(bào)告中,“農(nóng)民工”一詞出現(xiàn)了7次,其中4次被譯為migrant rural workers,1次被譯為rural workers in cities,另外兩次為避免重復(fù)而分別譯為their和them,例如:
“各級(jí)政府重視解決拖欠農(nóng)民工工資問(wèn)題,”
Governments at all levels took the problem of wage arrears for migrant rural workers very seriously,
“切實(shí)保障農(nóng)民工工資按時(shí)足額支付。當(dāng)前要抓緊解決克扣和拖欠農(nóng)民工工資問(wèn)題。”
Measures must be taken to ensure that rural workers in cities are paid on time and in full.We must pay very close attention to solving the problem of their wages being docked or not paid on time.
“改善農(nóng)民進(jìn)城就業(yè)環(huán)境,加強(qiáng)農(nóng)民工培訓(xùn),”
We will improve the employment environment for rural workers in cities,provide them with more and better training ...
在溫家寶總理所作的2005年政府工作報(bào)告中,“農(nóng)民工”一詞僅出現(xiàn)1次,為避免重復(fù)被譯為them,代替前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的rural workers,例如:
“改善農(nóng)民進(jìn)城務(wù)工就業(yè)、創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境,積極開(kāi)展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)。進(jìn)一步研究制定涉及農(nóng)民工的各項(xiàng)政策。”
We will improve the environment for rural workers looking for jobs or starting their own businesses in cities,provide more vocational training for them,and formulate more policies concerning them.
然而,在該報(bào)告中,和“農(nóng)民工”意思相近的“進(jìn)城務(wù)工農(nóng)民”卻出現(xiàn)了3次,兩次被譯為migrant workers in cities,1次譯為migrant workers,例如:
“認(rèn)真解決好進(jìn)城務(wù)工農(nóng)民子女上學(xué)的問(wèn)題。”
We will work hard to provide schooling to the children of migrant workers in cities.
“全面清理建筑領(lǐng)域拖欠工程款和進(jìn)城務(wù)工農(nóng)民的工資,”
We thoroughly solved the problem of defaults on construction costs in the construction industry and unpaid wages for migrant workers.
在2006年溫家寶總理所作的政府工作報(bào)告中,“農(nóng)民工”一詞共出現(xiàn)了4次,但卻有rural migrant workers in cities,rural migrant workers,rural families working in cities及rural laborers四種譯法,例如:
“逐步解決農(nóng)民工工資偏低的問(wèn)題。”
We need to gradually solve the problem of low wages for rural migrant workers in cities.
“研究適合農(nóng)民工特點(diǎn)的社會(huì)保障辦法。”
We will work out social security measures suitable for rural migrant workers.
“要解決城市低收入家庭和農(nóng)民工子女義務(wù)教育階段上學(xué)困難問(wèn)題,”
We also need to solve the problems the children of low-income urban families and rural families working in cities have in receiving a nine-year compulsory education...
“搞好城鎮(zhèn)新增勞動(dòng)力和進(jìn)城農(nóng)民工就業(yè)工作。”
and we will create more jobs for urban residents entering the job market for the first time and for rural laborers coming to cities to find jobs.
在2007年3月5日溫家寶總理所作的政府工作報(bào)告中,“農(nóng)民工”一詞出現(xiàn)了8次,其中4次被譯為rural migrant workers。這一譯法與2004年的migrant rural workers相比,只是將修飾語(yǔ)的順序顛倒了一下,例如:
“2004年我們提出用三年時(shí)間基本解決建設(shè)領(lǐng)域歷史上拖欠工程款和農(nóng)民工工資的問(wèn)題,這項(xiàng)工作基本完成,”
The goal set out in 2004 to basically solve the longstanding problems of defaults on payment to construction companies and unpaid wages for rural migrant workers in the construction industry within three years was basically met.
另外有2次被譯為rural migrant workers in cities,還有2次為避免重復(fù)而分別翻譯成their 和them,例如:
“制定并實(shí)施解決農(nóng)民工問(wèn)題的政策措施,…… 維護(hù)了農(nóng)民工的合法權(quán)益。”
We formulated and implemented policies and measures to address the difficulties rural migrant workers in cities face and strengthened protection of their legitimate rights and interests ...
“加快建立適合農(nóng)民工特點(diǎn)的社會(huì)保障制度,重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)農(nóng)民工工傷保險(xiǎn)和大病醫(yī)療保障工作。”
We will accelerate the establishment of a social safety net targeted at rural migrant workers in cities,with the focus on signing them up for workers’ compensation insurance and medical insurance for major diseases.
綜上所述,“農(nóng)民工”的譯法可以歸納為下表:
歷年政府工作報(bào)告“農(nóng)民工”譯法一覽表
單位:次
從上表可以看出,“農(nóng)民工”的譯法已經(jīng)由2004年的migrant rural workers逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?007年的 rural migrant workers (in cities), 其他譯法主要是為了使行文富于變化或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而作的微調(diào)。這說(shuō)明翻譯往往不是一蹴而就的。一個(gè)好的譯法往往是往往要經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)推敲,并且要經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)間的檢驗(yàn)。近代著名翻譯家嚴(yán)復(fù)曾說(shuō)過(guò),“一名之立,旬月躑躅”。 此語(yǔ)道出了翻譯工作的艱辛。凡是做過(guò)翻譯的人都知道,此話絕非虛言。因此,我們?cè)诜g的時(shí)候一定要認(rèn)認(rèn)真真,一絲不茍,與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。
筆者在認(rèn)真分析了2003年以來(lái)歷年政府工作報(bào)告的權(quán)威譯本的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)歷年政府工作報(bào)告的中“農(nóng)民工”一詞的譯法進(jìn)行了歸納和總結(jié),希望對(duì)廣大讀者能夠有所啟發(fā)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Zhu Rongji.Report on the Work of the Government.Beijing Review 3 Apr.2003:i-xxxii.
[2]溫家寶.2004—2007政府工作報(bào)告中文版、英文版.http://www.china.org.cn/.
[3]程鎮(zhèn)球.政治文獻(xiàn)的翻譯[J].中國(guó)翻譯,2004,(1):50.
[4]徐梅江.翻譯創(chuàng)新與規(guī)范譯法——十六大文件翻譯札記[J].上海科技翻譯,2003,(3):2-4,16.
[5]王弄笙.十六大報(bào)告漢英翻譯的幾點(diǎn)思考[J].中國(guó)翻譯,2004,(1):56-59.