SOGC
對于染色體異常和單基因遺傳病的產前診斷,孕中期羊膜腔穿刺術是最常用的一種侵入性檢查方法。傳統而言,診斷性羊膜腔穿刺術的手術指征是高齡孕婦(≥35 歲)、有染色體異常的生育史(家族史)以及非侵入性產前篩查(超聲和/或生化指標)的結果異常者。選擇35 周歲年齡為界,是因為此年齡段的孕婦懷有染色體異常胎兒的風險約相當于操作后流產的風險,大多數加拿大研究中心的風險值為0.5%(1/200)[1]。由于非侵入性產前篩查技術的提高,現在這個手術指征已被淘汰。根據加拿大婦產科醫師協會最近發布的指南[2],所有的孕婦都必須進行多重的標記物篩查, 只有篩查結果超過截斷值的孕婦才需要進行侵入性檢查,不再僅僅根據孕婦的年齡來決定是否行羊膜腔穿刺術。此外,分娩年齡≥40 周歲的孕婦因具有極高的風險,需告知其選擇產前篩查或者直接進行侵入性檢查的必要性。
文獻中報道的流產有兩種類型:①羊膜腔穿刺后總流產率,包括孕齡相關的自然流產和穿刺相關的流產;②穿刺相關的流產率。總流產率的數據來自進行過羊膜腔穿刺的孕婦人數,由進行過別項侵入性檢查的孕婦作為對照組或者不設對照組。穿刺相關流產率的數據來自進行過此項操作的孕婦,由未行“任何操作”的孕婦作為對照組。
Eddleman 等[3]最近的研究表明穿刺相關的流產率有可能小于之前的文獻報道,這進一步挑戰了傳統的根據“利弊比率”來決定是否進行侵入性檢查的觀點。即使委員會認為應及時對這篇文獻進行重新評定,我們還是認為他的結論,即羊膜腔穿刺造成的流產率為0.06%(1/1600)有誤導作用,要謹慎的加以解釋[3]。Eddleman 的研究是對“孕早、中期非整倍體染色體評估試驗” (Firstand Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk for Aneuploidy,FAS TER)的數據進行了兩次分析,FASTE R 原本的目的是比較孕早、中期的非侵入性產前基因篩查方法。在被調查的35 003 名孕婦中,有3 096 名孕婦進行了羊膜腔穿刺,作為試驗組;另外31 907 名孕婦未行羊膜腔穿刺作為對照組。在試驗組中,孕24 周之前自然流產率為1%,而對照組為0.96%,兩者相比無明顯差異,在兩組中因羊膜腔穿刺而引起的流產率為0.06%(1/1600), 是有差異的。然而,在試驗組中流產率沒有包括染色體異常的妊娠終止,反之在對照組(未進行羊膜腔穿刺)包括了染色體異常造成的自然流產。由此推論,假設試驗組中妊娠終止的許多人會發生自然流產,那么與對照組相比較而言,排除了這些人就低估了試驗組中流產比率。
有多名學者以書信的形式對FASTE R 的結論進行了評論[5-9]。N adel[5]指出,穿刺組與未穿刺組在孕24 周之前未調整的胎兒流產率無明顯差異(P=0.74),兩組之間的點估計值(0.06%)的95%可信區間(CI)為-0.26%~0.49%。他認為在整倍體胎兒中,因羊膜腔穿刺術所引起的流產率可能不超過0.5%(但具體數值不清楚)。
Smith[7]提出,以往統計方法包括或除外了妊娠終止的患者,這導致了一個悖論:那些篩查結果陽性而沒有進行羊膜腔穿刺術的孕婦,以及年齡達到或超過35 周歲的孕婦,她們的自然流產率的統計學結果出現了明顯的增加。文獻報道的診斷性羊膜腔穿刺術的最低流產風險約為1:300[8]。
在向患者建議行羊膜腔穿刺術之前,必須告知患者妊娠本身有一定的流產比率,而行穿刺術會增加額外的流產風險。告知孕婦人群的背景流產風險和其個體的流產風險是很重要的,因為患者不能夠判斷她的流產是“自然的”還是“穿刺相關的”。遺傳咨詢時需向患者提供總的流產率,使之能充分理解她所做的決定可能帶來的后果。另外,個體的穿刺風險也是必須和患者討論的,因為不同的因素會影響人群及個體的背景風險。
3.1 母體因素
3.1.1 生育年齡/孕齡[10-14];
3.1.2 既往生育史[13];
3.1.3 母體并發癥(糖尿病、高血壓、不孕、自身免疫性疾病);
3.1.4 孕期/子宮因素(輔助生殖技術、陰道流血、子宮肌瘤、胎盤位置、羊水丟失、羊水過少、絨毛膜后血腫、單/多胎妊娠)[16-19];
3.1.5 產前篩查方法[20]
3.1.5.1 檢查時間(孕早期、孕中期、孕早中期);
3.1.5.2 方法(超聲、生化指標、生化指標結合超聲、頸部透明帶和(或)生化指標、單一或多重的標記物)。
3.2 技術因素
3.2.1 穿刺針的大小[21];
3.2.2 操作者的經驗[22-24];
3.2.3 超聲引導(徒手、穿刺針引導);
3.2.4 子宮/胎盤位置;
3.2.5 母體的體重指數。
3.3 操作后因素
3.3.1 休息24 小時或正常活動(沒有基于有效對比實驗的證據)
3.3.2 并發癥(胎膜早破、感染)
表1、表2 總結了最近發表的論文(隨機對照試驗、有或無對照組的隊列分析,對照組為未進行侵入性檢查或進行了其他的侵入性檢查),得出孕中期羊膜腔穿刺的流產率范圍為0.75%~3.3%(9 項研究,平均值1.41%,中值1.1%)。4 項孕中期羊膜腔穿刺與沒有操作的對照研究中,兩組數據有一定的統計學差異,穿刺后的流產率較高, 其范圍為0.06%~1.0%(平均0.64%;各項研究的數據分別是1.0%、0.80%、0.70%、0.06%)。根據第二組的對照研究(減去FAST ER 的結果),羊膜腔穿刺相關流產率的可信區間范圍為0.19%~1.53%[26-38]。由此,根據文獻對羊膜腔穿刺進行統計學分析,得出結論:基于對照組的流產率(1.08%)與穿刺組的流產率(1.68%)不同,因此羊膜腔穿刺相關的流產率為0.6%(CI 為0.31~0.9)[38]。

表1 羊膜腔穿刺后總的妊娠流產率

表2 羊膜腔穿刺術相關的妊娠流產率
在這些對照研究中,FAS TER 的流產率(行羊膜腔穿刺術組、未行羊膜腔穿刺術組)顯然是異常的,這反映了將穿刺組中終止妊娠者排除的分析方法低估了孕中期羊膜腔穿刺后穿刺相關的流產率,結果導致了穿刺組比對照組更低的妊娠流產率。
在單胎妊娠中,沒有一個單一的百分比(或比值比)可以被看成是孕中期羊膜腔穿刺術后流產的風險。此項會議共識認為,穿刺術后流產的風險是有個體差異的,而且是受多因素影響的。由羊膜穿刺術所造成的流產率,最適估計范圍為0.6%~1.0%(1/175~1/100),其可信區間為0.19%~1.53%。最近發表的雙胎妊娠最適的風險估計值為1.6%(CI 為0.3~3%)[16]。
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