摘要: 鑒于成文法文本注重信息功能,其譯文語言形式應當盡可能遵從目的語習慣表達方式。故本文借鑒《美國模范刑法典》及《美國法典》第18卷中的平行文本,研究我國刑法罪責的英譯,特別是《中華人民共和國刑法(97修訂)》第三章有關刑罰的規定。
關鍵詞: 成文法 特殊語言翻譯 刑罰 平行文本
筆者所謂刑法罪責是指刑罰,即否定犯罪行為的法律后果。(陳興良 2003:4-5)依據《中華人民共和國刑法(97修訂)》第五條規定:“刑罰的輕重,應當與犯罪分子所犯罪行和承擔的刑事責任相適應?!惫饰覈谭ǚ謩t條款針對每項具體罪狀規定了相應適用的刑罰。盡管如此,各類刑罰的總體規定集中于刑法總則第三章,因而本文著重研究該部分條款的英譯。
一般而言,成文法的翻譯應當歸入注重文本信息功能的特殊語言翻譯(special language translation)。(Snell-Hornby 2001:32)為了使讀者更好地接受原文提供的信息,譯文語言形式須盡可能遵從目的語(target-language)習慣表達方式。(Reiss 2004:30-31)
有鑒于此,盡管任何翻譯活動都必須以原文為基礎,但目的語中近似文本(parallel text)的研究對于關注目的語言形式的法律翻譯工作者具有特殊意義,因為參閱這類文本有助于我們把握同類信息在不同語言中的獨特表現
形式。(Snell-Hornby 2001:86)事實上,這也是我們探索刑法罪責英譯的原則。
一、概述
我國刑法第三章第一節概述了刑罰的種類,包括主刑與附加刑。這些條款中最為典型的莫過于列舉式解說復句,而我國規定性法律文件常通過“如下”或“下列”構建此類復句(劉紅嬰 2007:146),譬如以下二例:
例【1】
第三十三條主刑的種類如下:
(一)管制;
(二)拘役;
(三)有期徒刑;
(四)無期徒刑;
(五)死刑。
例【2】
第三十四條附加刑的種類如下:
(一)罰金;
(二)剝奪政治權利;
(三)沒收財產。
附加刑也可以獨立適用。
筆者以為,此二例條款的翻譯只需參照英美成文法中的近似條文即可,譬如《美國模范刑法典》第6.01條(SECTION 6.01.DEGREES OF FELONIES)第(1)款:
(1)Felonies defined by this Code are classified,for the purpose of sentence,into three degrees,as follows:
(a)felonies of the first degree;
(b)felonies of the second degree;
(c)felonies of the third degree.
推薦譯文:
Section 33 Principal punishments are as follows:
(1)public surveillance;
(2)criminal detention;
(3)fixed-term imprisonment;
(4)life imprisonment;
(5)death penalty.
推薦譯文:
Section 34 Additional punishments are as follows:
(1)fine;
(2)deprivation of political rights;
(3)confiscation of property.
Additional punishments may also be imposed independently.
二、分述
該章其余各節則分述了不同刑種的具體規定。筆者僅以主刑與附加刑中最為典型也最為常見的徒刑、罰金刑為例展開討論。
1.主刑——徒刑
(1)徒刑的期限
例【3】
第四十五條有期徒刑的期限,除本法第五十條、第六十九條規定外,為六個月以上十五年以下。
對照譯文:
Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years except as stipulated in Article 50 and 69 of this Law.
例【3】規定的是有期徒刑的期限,而英美成文法中也有類似限制刑期的條款可供譯者參考,譬如《美國模范刑法典》第6.06條(SECTION 6.06.SENTENCE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR FELONY;ORDINARY TERMS)第(1)款:
A person who has been convicted of a felony may be sentenced to imprisonment,as follows:
(1)in the case of a felony of the first degree,for a term the minimum of which shall be fixed by the Court at not less than one year nor more than ten years,and the maximum of which shall be life imprisonment;
推薦譯文:
Section 45 A fixed term of imprisonment shall be not less than six months nor more than 15 years,except as provided in Section 50 and 69 of this Act.
(2)徒刑的執行
例【4】
第四十六條被判處有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子,在監獄或者其他執行場所執行;凡有勞動能力的,都應當參加勞動,接受教育和改造。
對照譯文:
Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall accept education and reform through labor.
例【4】規定的是有期徒刑的執行。該條款分前后兩段,前者涉及執行場所而后者關于執行方式,雖以分號相隔,然為連動句,故“犯罪分子”是所有動詞的共同主語。但對照譯文卻使用了兩個不同的主語:“Any criminal”與“Anyone”,這就可能令讀者產生歧義。為了使譯文更準確,我們應當將之統一起來:
推薦譯文:
Section 46 An offender who is sentenced to a fixed term of imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place of execution,and shall receive education and correction through labor if he is able to work.
(3)刑期的計算
例【5】
第四十七條有期徒刑的刑期,從判決執行之日起計算;判決執行以前先行羈押的,羈押一日折抵刑期一日。
對照譯文:
Article 47 A fixed-term of imprisonment shall be counted from the date when the sentence begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the sentence,one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.
例【5】規定的是徒刑刑期的計算。其譯文可參照英美成文法中平行條款的表述,譬如《美國法典》第18卷第II編第227章D節第3585條:
§3585.Calculation of a term of imprisonment
(a)Commencement of Sentence.——A sentence to a term of imprisonment commences on the date the defendant is received in custody awaiting transportation to,or arrives voluntarily to commence service of sentence at,the official detention facility at which the sentence is to be served.
(b)Credit for Prior Custody.-A defendant shall be given credit toward the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to the date the sentence commences——
(1)as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed;or
(2)as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was arrested after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed;that has not been credited against another sentence.
推薦譯文:
Section 47 A sentence to a fixed term of imprisonment shall commence on the date the service of sentence commences;and one day an offender has spent in official detention prior to the date his sentence commences shall be credited as one day against such sentence.
2.附加刑——罰金刑
(1)罰金刑的判處
例【6】
第五十二條判處罰金,應當根據犯罪情節決定罰金數額。
例【6】規定的是法院應當如何判處罰金。其譯文可參照英美成文法中平行條款的表述,譬如《美國法典》第18卷第II編第227章C節第3572條:
§3572.Imposition of a sentence of fine and related matters
(a)Factors To Be Considered.-In determining whether to impose a fine,and the amount,time for payment,and method of payment of a fine,the court shall consider,in addition to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)——
(1)the defendant’s income,earning capacity,and financial resources;
(2)the burden that the fine will impose upon the defendant...;
(3)any pecuniary loss inflicted upon others as a result of the offense;
(4)whether restitution is ordered or made and the amount of such restitution;
(5)the need to deprive the defendant of illegally obtained gains from the offense;
...
其差別僅在于后者詳細列舉了法院應當考慮的各種因素,而前者卻只概括性地提及了“犯罪情節”。這也正是“普通法強調‘精確’(precision)而大陸法強調‘簡練’(conciseness)”的反映。
筆者認為該條款的譯文應當仿照法律英語的行文習慣:
推薦譯文:
Section 52 The amount of a fine shall be determined in accordance with the circumstances of the crime.
(2)罰金刑的執行
例【7】
第五十三條罰金在判決指定的期限內一次或者分期繳納。期滿不繳納的,強制繳納。對于不能全部繳納罰金的,人民法院在任何時候發現被執行人有可以執行的財產,應當隨時追繳。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的災禍繳納確實有困難的,可以酌情減少或者免除。
對照譯文:
Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the sentence.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit,the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full,the People’s Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster,the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.
例【7】規定的是法院應當如何執行罰金刑。正如本書第五章所言,中文語篇的銜接重在意合,故原文各分句雖無統一的主語,但其邏輯上的嚴密性依然是無可置疑的。反觀對照譯文,仿原文亦步亦趨地勉強保留各分句主語不相統一的形式,結果卻使讀者倍感其邏輯上的雜亂無章,這是因為英文語篇的銜接重在形合。
所以,明智的譯者不僅應當根據條款內容補全原文中被省略的行為主體(該條款中所謂“被執行人”實際上即指被判處罰金的犯罪人):
罰金(由被執行人)在判決指定的期限內一次或者分期繳納。(被執行人)期滿不繳納的,(人民法院)強制繳納。對于(被執行人)不能全部繳納罰金的,人民法院在任何時候發現被執行人有可以執行的財產,應當隨時追繳。如果由于(被執行人)遭遇不能抗拒的災禍繳納確實有困難的,(人民法院)可以酌情減少或者免除。
而且應當從中觀察并整理出各分句在形式邏輯上的聯系,并據此展開譯文:
推薦譯文:
Section 53 An offender may be sentenced to pay a fine in a lump sum or in installments within a time limit specified in the sentence.If the offender does not pay the fine when such time limit expires,the People’s Court shall compel his payment.If the offender has no ability of paying the fine in full,the People’s Court shall require his payment whenever it finds that the offender has property executable.If the offender has true difficulties in paying the fine due to an irresistible disaster,the People’s Court may reduce or remit the fine in accordance with the circumstances of such disaster.
通過上文的實例分析,我們不難發現目的語平行文本在英譯我國刑法總則有關刑罰的規定時所起的重要作用。由此可見,法律翻譯工作者不僅需要深厚的雙語能力,而且應當具備相當的法律知識,熟悉目的語法律文本。唯有這樣,我國的法律翻譯水平方能蒸蒸日上。
參考文獻:
[1]Reiss,Kathabina.Rhodes,Erroll F.(tran.).Translation Criticism[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[2]Snell-Hornby,Mary.Translation Studies[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[3]陳興良.本體刑法學[M].北京:商務印書館,2003.
[4]劉紅嬰.法律語言學(第二版)[M].北京:北京大學出版社,2007.
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