摘要:本文章簡單談了定語從句的用法,包括它的定義、作用。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,它由關系代詞和關系副詞來引導,修飾前面的先行詞。關系代詞和關系副詞在從句中可以做主語﹑賓語﹑定語﹑狀語等。
關鍵詞:定語從句 關系代詞 關系副詞
如果一個句子擔任定語,那么這個句子就是定語從句。它具有形容詞修飾功能,對前面的詞語進行描繪,提供更多的信息。被修飾的詞叫先行詞,先行詞通常是一個名詞﹑名詞詞組或句子等。
根據定語從句與先行詞關系是否緊密,它可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。
引導定語從句的有:關系代詞who(whom, whose),which, that和關系副詞when, where, why等。關系代詞在定語從句中可以做主語﹑賓語﹑定語等,關系副詞在定語從句中只用做狀語。例如:
As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information. 一般說來,生活中最成功的人是獲得最佳信息的人。(the man是先行詞,who是關系代詞)
This is the book that(which) she is looking for.這是她正在找的那本書。(book是先行詞,that是關系代詞)
現略談一談關系代詞和關系副詞的作用和用法。
引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞在先行詞和定語從句之間起聯系作用,它們可以作定語從句的一個成分:
一、關系代詞可以作定語從句的主語、賓語或定語
1.who指人,是主格,在定語從句中作主語;whom是賓格,在定語從句中作賓語;whose是所有格,在定語從句中作定語。例如:
(1) The man who stole your car has been arrested. 偷你汽車的人已經被逮捕了。
The girl who came this morning is my cousin. 今天早上來的女孩是我的表妹。
(2) The man whom I saw told me to come here.我見到的那個人讓我到這里來。
The soldier whom you want to see has already come.你要見的那名士兵已經來了。
(3)This is the student whose pronunciation is the best in our class.
這就是我們班上發音最好的學生.
The building whose windows face south was built last year.
那棟窗戶朝南開的樓房是去年建的。
2.which指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。例如:
(1)Is this the book which she was looking for?這是她曾找的那本書嗎?
This is the film which created a great sensation.這就是那部引起很大轟動的電影.
(2)The book which they sent me is very good.他們寄給我的書非常好。
The money which they found in the street is mine.他們在街上找到的錢是我的。
3.that指物,有時也指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。指物時,它的用法和which大致相同。例如:
(1)The man that I traveled with couldn’t speak English.和我一道旅行的人不會說英語。(that作賓語,指人)
Is this the pen that you were looking for?這是你要找的鋼筆嗎?(that作賓語,指物)
(2)The man that called me last night was killed this morning.昨夜給我打電話的那個人今早給人殺了。(that作主語,指人)
There is no difficulty that cannot be overcome.沒有不能克服的困難。(that作主語,指物)
[注1]that和which都指事物時,一般可以通用。但在下列情況下必須用that,而不能用which:
1.先行詞為all,everything,nothing,something,anything,much,little,few,none,the one等時。例如:
All that glitters is not gold.閃閃發光的未必都是金子。
Is there anything(that)I can do for you now?現在需要我為你做點什么嗎?
This book contains much/little that is useful.這本書中有很多/沒有多少有用的東西。
I mean the one that was bought yesterday.我指的是昨天買的那個。
2.先行詞為數詞或被序數詞(含last)修飾時。例如:
This is the first film(that)I have seen since I came here.這是我到這里以來所看的第一部電影。
The last place they visited was the Summer Palace.他們最后參觀的地方是頤和園。
Look at those presents. You can see the two that you gave me.看那些禮物,你能看見你送我的那兩個嗎?
3.先行詞被形容詞的最高級或the very, the only等所修飾時。例如:
This is the biggest apple(that)I have ever eaten.這是我所吃到的蘋果中最大的一個。
She is the very thief(that)the policeman is looking for.她就是警察正在尋找的那個小偷。
Mary is the only friend(that)I have in Australia.瑪麗是我在澳大利亞唯一的朋友。
4.先行詞中既有人又有物時。例如:
The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被認為失蹤在森林里的男孩和狗,今天早上已獲救.。
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.我們訪問過的老師和參觀過的學校給我們留下了深刻的印象。
5.先行詞在主句中作表語,或關系代詞在從句中作表語時。例如:
This is a dictionary that will help you a lot.這是本對你很有幫助的字典。
Don't cheat me. I’m no longer the boy that I was three years ago.別騙我了,我再也不是三年前的我了。
[注2]在下列情況下不用that:
1.關系代詞前有介詞時。例如:
This is the house in which I lived ten years ago.這就是我十年前住過的房子。
2.先行詞本身是that時。例如:
What was that which he said?他說了些什么?
3.在非限制性定語從句里不用關系代詞that。因此,凡是that所引導的定語從句,一般都是限制性定語從句。例如:
誤:She gave me some flowers, that were very beautiful.
正:She gave me some flowers, which were very beautiful.(非限制性定語從句)
正:She gave me some flowers that(which)were very beautiful.(限制性定語從句)
[注3]whom, which和that在定語從句中作賓語時,特別是在口語中,往往可以省略。例如:
The man(that)you got the news from is a friend of mine.告訴你這個消息的人是我的朋友。
Is that the car(which)you want to buy?那就是你所要買的汽車嗎?
This is the little boy(whom)Comrade Li saved yesterday.這就是李同志昨天救的那個小男孩。
二、關系代詞whom, which在定語從句里作介詞的賓語時,介詞一般放在先行詞與關系代詞之間。例如:
I want to make some friends from whom I can learn a lot.我想交幾個朋友,從他們那兒我可以學許多東西。
This is the classroom in which we studied last year.這是我們去年曾在里面學習的教室。
但是,有時介詞也可以放在賓語從句的后面,特別是在省略了關系代詞時,介詞必須放在定語從句的后面。例如:
The room which(that)we live in is very bright.
The room we live in is very bright.我們住的那間房間很明亮。
三、關系代詞which有時指整個前面一句話。這時關系代詞前面有逗號,定語從句是附加的說明;which的意思相當于and this。例如:
Tom said he didn’t know anything about Kate, which was a lie.湯姆說他對凱特的情況一無所知,這是撒謊。
The worker didn’t do any work,which made his boss very angry.那個工人什么活也沒干,這令老板非常生氣。
四、關系副詞where, when和why在定語從句中分別作地點狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語
1.where指地點,在定語從句中作狀語,相當于in等+which。例如:
This is the workshop where(=in which)I work.這是我工作的車間。
A booking office is a place where(=in which)tickets are sold.售票處就是賣票的地方。
2.when指時間,在定語從句中作狀語。例如:
He came at a time when we needed help.他在我們需要人幫忙的時候來到了。
3.why指原因、理由,在定語從句中作原因狀語。例如:
The reason(why)he changed his mind is not clear.他改變主意的原因尚不清楚。
下面再略談一談限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語,如果省去,主語的意思就會不完整或不明確。這種從句和主句之間不能用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句,只是對先行詞的附加說明,如果省去,主句的意思仍然很清楚,它和主句之間常用逗號分開。試比較下列句子:
(1)I have a brother who is a doctor.我有一個當醫生的兄弟。(意思是我還有其他兄弟)(限制性定語從句)
(2)I have a brother, who is a doctor.我有一個兄弟,是個醫生。(意思是我只有一個兄弟)(非限制定語從句)
[注1]非限制性定語從句在口語里很少用,尤其是在對話里,經常是采用簡單句或并列句。例如:“I have a brother, who is a doctor.”這句話,在口語里總是說:“I have a brother; he is a doctor.”或說:“I have a brother, and he is a doctor.”
最后,用幾個簡單的句子來區分一下上面所談到的幾種情況:
1) Is this room where you once live in?
2) Is this the room where you once lived?
3) Is this the room in which you once lived?
4) Is this the only room that you once lived in?
5) Is it the room that you once live in?