中學校門前道路小汽車通學出行停車怠速排放特征分析

摘" 要：小汽車通學出行占道停車怠速是學校門前道路交通阻塞、交通秩序混亂和尾氣排放量增加的致因之一。如何有效解析小汽車通學出行占道停車怠速特征及改善其危害已成為社會高度關切的痛點及難點問題。文章以典型的北京市八一學校（中學部）東校門口蘇州街小汽車通學出行車輛為研究對象，解析7：00—8：00時段小汽車通學出行停車怠速行為機理，建立怠速排放及怠速成本的計算模型，并基于調查數據定性和定量分析小汽車通學出行停車怠速排放特征。結果表明學校門前道路小汽車通學出行（即停即走）的停車怠速位置選擇遵循就近原則等8種規律，平均停車怠速時長小于26s，累計停車怠速時長決定怠速排放量及怠速成本；7：00—7：30時段，學校門前一側道路小汽車通學出行占道停車怠速導致交通阻塞。假設有效改善通學出行環境，以蘇州街為例，小汽車通學出行平均停車怠速時長減少為15s，可減少41%以上的怠速排放量及怠速成本，從而有效地減少怠速排放量對學生們身體健康所造成的直接或間接的影響及危害。

關鍵詞：城市交通；通學出行；排放模型；停車延誤；交通阻塞

" 中圖分類號：U491" " 文獻標志碼：A" " DOI：10.13714/j.cnki.1002-3100.2024.15.017

Abstract： The car school commute travel road-occupied stopped idling is one of the causes of traffic congestion， disorderly traffic order， and increased exhaust emissions of the road in front of the school. How to effectively analyze the characteristics and improve the hazards of car school commute travel road-occupied stopped idling has become a painful and difficult problem of great social concern. The research object of this paper is the typical car school commute travel vehicles in Suzhou Street in front of the east entrance of Beijing Bayi School（secondary section）; the car school commute travel stopped idling behavioral mechanisms were analyzed in 7：00—8：00 periods， the calculation models of idling emissions and idling costs were built， and the car school commute travel stopped idling emissions characteristics were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed based on survey data. The results show that the stopped idling location selection of car school commute travel（stop-immediately-and-go-immediately）on roads in front of the school follows eight rules， including the principle of proximity; the average stopped idling time is less than 26s， and the cumulative stopped idling time determines the idling emissions and idling costs. During 7：00—7：30， the car school commute travel road-occupied stopped idling leads to traffic congestion on the road in front of the school side. It is assumed that effectively improve the school commute travel environment， Suzhou Street is taken as an example; the average stopped idling time of car school commute travel is reduced to 15s， which can reduce the idling emissions and idling costs by more than 41%， thus effectively reducing the direct or indirect impacts and hazards of idling emissions on the student's health.

Key words： urban traffic; school commute; emission model; stopped delay; traffic congestion

0" 引" 言

破解及改善“通學路”交通擁堵和秩序混亂等問題已經成為國家及社會高度重視的熱點、痛點及難點問題，通學出行的能耗[1]、排放及污染[2]等問題也逐漸受到關注。新加坡、西班牙、紐約、北京和珠海等國家及城市陸續出臺“停車熄火”法規來規定、要求或提倡機動車在學校周邊道路停車熄火[3]，以減少機動車停車怠速尾氣對兒童健康的損害，其中紐約規定在公立學校附近“不熄火停車”不能超過60s[4]。……