有機肥替代化肥對稻谷產量及氮素吸收利用的影響

摘 要：為了探討水稻土施用養殖廢棄物有機肥的適宜替代比例，采用盆栽試驗，研究了等養分條件下化肥配合施用30%、50%、60%、75%、100%的牛糞有機肥和豬糞有機肥對于水稻產量及氮素吸收利用的影響。結果表明：水稻土施用60%牛糞有機肥＋化肥處理的稻谷產量顯著高于其他處理，施用50%～100%的豬糞有機肥＋化肥處理的稻谷產量顯著高于30%豬糞有機肥＋化肥處理；30%牛糞有機肥＋化肥、30%豬糞有機肥＋化肥處理的稻谷全氮含量顯著高于其他處理；在等氮量條件下，60%～100%的牛糞有機肥替代化肥、50%～100%的豬糞有機肥替代化肥均有助于水稻對氮素的吸收利用，氮素收獲指數和氮素利用效率均有所提高。總體上，土壤有機質與全氮含量豐富的水稻土施用60%的牛糞有機肥或豬糞有機肥替代化肥，有利于提高稻谷產量與氮肥利用率。

關鍵詞：水稻土；替代化肥比例；氮素吸收利用；水稻產量

中圖分類號：S147.2；S511 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1006-060X（2023）07-0050-04

Abstract：In order to explore the suitable application ratio of breeding waste as organic fertilizer in paddy soil， a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of 30%， 50%， 60%， 75% and 100% cow manure or pig manure combined with chemical fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization under equal nutrient conditions. The results showed that the rice yield of 60% cow manure+chemical fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of the other treatments， and the rice yield of 50%-100% pig manure+chemical fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of 30% pig manure+chemical fertilizer treatment. The total nitrogen content of rice grain in 30% cow manure+chemical fertilizer treatment or in 30% pig manure+chemical fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that in the other treatments. Under the condition of equal nitrogen amount， 60%-100% cow manure instead of chemical fertilizer and 50%-100% pig manure instead of chemical fertilizer both facilitated the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by rice， and the nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen use efficiency were improved. In general， the application of 60% cow manure or pig manure instead of partial chemical fertilizer to paddy soil with rich organic matter and total nitrogen is beneficial to improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

Key words：paddy soil; organic-inorganic fertilizer combination ratio; nitrogen uptake and utilization; rice yields

氮肥的合理施用是水稻持續高產和穩產的主要措施之一，有機肥與化肥配施結合了化肥的速效性和有機肥的持久性，不僅可獲得比單獨施用化肥更高或持平的稻谷產量，還能調控氮素養分供應狀況，改善土壤供氮能力，是合理利用資源、提高土壤肥力、保持作物高產穩產的施肥體制[1-2]。適宜的養殖廢棄物有機肥替代化肥在消納有機廢棄物的同時，可改善生態環境，減少化肥的投入，促進養分循環，推動農業綠色發展[3]。國內外針對有機肥替代化肥對土壤理化性質、作物產量和肥料利用率的影響已開展大量研究，但最佳有機肥替代化肥比例在不同地區、不同土壤條件、不同肥源、不同作物上的研究結果不一致，存在較大差異[4]。……