




摘 要:為探究45%馬拉硫磷乳油在西葫蘆中使用的安全性,分別在湖南、山東、北京、安徽、山西、黑龍江等地進行田間試驗,采用氣相色譜法測定了施藥后不同時間段內西葫蘆和土壤中的馬拉硫磷殘留量,在此基礎上研究了馬拉硫磷在西葫蘆和土壤中的消解動態規律。結果表明:施藥(有效)劑量為1 125 g/hm2時,45%馬拉硫磷乳油在西葫蘆和土壤中的消解動態符合一級動力學特征,殘留量與施藥天數成指數關系,而且其在西葫蘆中的最終殘留量明顯低于土壤中的;馬拉硫磷在西葫蘆中的半衰期分別為0.85 d(山東)和0.86 d(湖南);在土壤中的半衰期分別為0.71 d(山東)和0.66 d(湖南);各因素對殘留量的影響由大到小排列依次為施藥劑量>施藥次數>間隔期;在用藥量為750~1 125 g/hm2、施藥2~3次、施藥間隔7 d、采收間隔期大于3~5 d的條件下,45%馬拉硫磷乳油在湖南、山東、北京、安徽、山西、黑龍江等地使用是安全的。
關鍵詞:馬拉硫磷;農藥;消解動態;安全評價
中圖分類號:TQ450.2 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-060X(2023)07-0089-04
Abstract:In order to explore the safety of malathion 45% emulsion in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), field experiments were carried out in Hunan, Shandong, Anhui, Shanxi, Heilongjiang and Beijing, respectively. The gas chromatography method was used for the assay of residue of" malathion 45% emulsion in zucchini and soil samples at various time periods after application, thereby to clarify its residual digestion dynamics in zucchini and soils. The results showed: when the dosage of malathion 45% emulsion was 1,125 g a.i./hm2, its digestion dynamics in zucchini and soils were consistent with the first-order kinetic equation; the residue amount exhibited an exponential relationship with days after application; and the final residual amount in zucchini was significantly lower than in soils. The half-life of malathion 45% emulsion in zucchini was 0.85 d (Shandong) and 0.86 d (Hunan), and in soils was 0.71 d (Shandong) and 0.66 d (Hunan), respectively. The factors affecting the final residual amount were dosage> times> intervals. The safety evaluation results showed that malathion 45% emulsion was safe for the tested varieties in Hunan, Shandong, Beijing, Anhui, Shanxi and Heilongjiang under the conditions of 750-1,125 g a.i./hm2, 2-3 times of application, 7 d application interval, and 3-5 d harvest interval.
Key words:malathion; pesticide; digestion dynamics; safety evaluation
馬拉硫磷(malathion)為無色至淡黃色油狀液體,是一種非內吸性廣譜殺蟲劑,因其毒性低、殘效期短、殺蟲效果好,在水稻、小麥、大豆、花生、蔬菜、棉花、果樹等作物生長過程以及糧食倉儲過程廣泛應用[1-3]。GB 2763—2021食品安全國家標準食品中農藥最大殘留限量 中規定馬拉硫磷的每日允許攝入量(ADI)為0.3 mg/kg(體重),西葫蘆中最大殘留限量(MRL)為0.1 mg/kg。西葫蘆為葫蘆科南瓜屬一年生蔓生草本植物,嫩果含有豐富的維生素C、鈣、葡萄糖等營養物質,為人們常食的瓜果類蔬菜品種,主要蟲害有蚜蟲、白粉虱、紅蜘蛛等。……