CONTENTS &ABSTRACTS

TheSpiritof20thCPCNationalCongressStudies

ThePhilosophicalThinkinginXiJingping’sImportantStatementsonMakingAchievementsontheWorkinTibetintheNewEra

Liang Jiehao(1)

Since the 18th CPC National Congress,CPC General Secretary Xi Jingping had put forward many scientific arrangements and profound planning around how to make achievements on the work in Tibet in the new era,which provide theoretical directions to the development of Tibet.There are three levels scientific thoughts in Xi’s statements around works in Tibet.Firstly,from macro layout perspective,these statements reflect Xi’s forethoughtful strategic thinking and global systematic thinking.Secondly,from principle and requirement perspective,these statements show Xi’s core-based party building thinking,bottom line thinking on taking preventive measures,people-centered people-oriented thinking and dialectical thinking in carrying out Tibetan works fast and steady.Finally,from implementation perspective,these statements demonstrate the routine-breaking innovative thinking,his rule of law thinking to govern Tibet by law and his seek truth from facts thinking.A deep grasp and flexible application of these scientific thinking methods have important theoretical and practical implications for promoting the development of Tibet and forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

AResearchontheCouplingCoordinationRelationshipbetweenTouristEconomyandEcologicalEnvironmentinTibet

Wang Fali,Yu Zhen(10)

The empirical data of the coupling coordination degree between tourist economy and ecological environment in Tibet from 2010 to 2020 shows that the comprehensive development level of tourist economy of Tibet demonstrates a persistent and consistent upward trend and the comprehensive development level of the ecological environment exhibits a continuous upward trend with V-shaped fluctuations.The coupling coordination degree between tourist economy and ecological environment shows an increasing trend of fluctuations.In the year of 2020,the coupling coordination figure reached 1,indicating a robust coupling relationship between these two components.The coupling coordination degree between the tourist economy and ecological environment has undergone three distinct stages.Firstly,from 2010 to 2013 the development of Tibet’s tourist economy was relatively lag behind,the coupling coordination degree between them was not matched.Secondly,from 2014 to 2016 the coupling coordination relationship emerged.Thirdly,in the year of 2017 to 2020 primary coupling coordination and good coupling coordination appear alternatively,the comprehensive development level of ecological environment was relatively low.In a word,the reciprocal influence and synergistic promotion between Tibet’s tourist economy and ecological environment were greatly intensified.With the rapid development of Tibet’s tourism,the investment in ecological environmental protection and enhancement is progressively growing year after year.However,ecological environment protection still is the obstacle of the high-quality and coordinated development of these two parts.In order to promote the development of Tibet’s tourist economy and to achieve long-term,high-quality,coordinated development of tourist economy and ecological environment,measures such as ecological and environmental restoration,investment in environment governance,enhancing ecological civilization construction should be taken into consideration.

“ForgeaSenseofCommunityfortheChineseNation”Researches

AResearchonTibet’sMedicalandHealthWorkDuringPeacefulLiberationPeriod

Liu Xinrong(20)

The health of the population serves as a crucial indicator of national prosperity.Before the peaceful liberation of Tibet,the masses in Tibet had no means to live and diseases were prevalent reflected the real medical and health conditions at that time.During the peaceful liberation,Tibet Working Committee regarded medical and health work as the key part of promoting united front work.Measures such as establishing medical and health institutions at all levels,training healthcare professionals and conducting health publicity and education and launching patriotic health campaigns.As a result,the medical and sanitary conditions were greatly improved,medical and healthcare standards for people of all ethnic groups in Tibet was enhanced.By improving medical and health workin Tibet,Party’s united front work method has been innovated,the exchange,communication between Tibetan and Han peoples were enhanced,Tibetan compatriots’ national identity was strengthened.In a word,the good medical and health work during the peaceful liberation of Tibet laid a solid foundation to forge the strong sense of community for the Chinese nation.

AStudyontheLifeStoriesofFemaleTusiofZhuoniFamilyinQingDynasty

Gazang Sangzhibu(31)

Renqian Baizong,as the first female Tusi in Zhuoni family,was an influential historical figure in Northwest China in the 18th century.During hers ruling period,Renqian Baizong made great contributions to the cultural exchange and ethnic integration between Han and Tibet,and made great achievements in the political,social stability and cultural prosperity of the border areas.Newly discoveredGenealogyofZhuoniTusiFamilyandTheSequelofGenealogyofZhuoniTusiFamily:thebiographyofRenqianBaizongprovides detailed account of Renqian Baizong’s life stories and her contributions on political,cultural and people’s wellbeing aspect.

TraditionalTibetoloyResearches

AStudyonDunhuangAncientTibetanDocumentP.T.1082:AnEdictIssuedbyUighurKhaninGanzhou

Lu Li(39)

Dunhuang Ancient Tibetan Document P.T.1082 is an edict issued by Ganzhou Uighur Khan Rin Mei in the year of 934.This edict was given to the Pu Ye (the senior official) of Wa Mo people.The term “Tian Ping Jun” refers to the offspring of Yunzhou soldiers who garrisoned Liangzhou in Tang Dynasty.The term “Ling Gong” should be Zhang Chongxi,who was the military governor of Shou Fang in the Later Tang Dynasty.Term “Tang Wang” refers to Emperor Ming of Tang,Li Dan.“Tian Shi Da Fu” should be the envoy sent by the Later Tang central government after the year of 934.This edict is of great historical significance as it shows the complicated relationships among Uighur regime in Ganzhou,Wa Mo force in and offsprings of “Tian Ping Jun” in Liangzhou,the Later Tang central government,the Gui-yi-jun Regime in Dunhuang,Tubo Tribes of Liangzhou,Kuozhou and Hezhou.

AStudyontheDesignationoftheDunhuangAncientTibetanDocumentMahaparinirvanaSutrainNationalLibraryofFrance

Tang Lutian(52)

The Designation ofMahaparinirvanaSutrainDunhuangancientTibetanliteratureinNationalLibraryofFrancepublished by Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House is different from that inSolutionCatalogofFrenchcollectionofDunhuangTibetanLiteratureedited by Wang Yao.The author re-examined relevant original Dunhuang Tibetan documents P.T.0543,P.T.0548 and P.T.4261 and proposed a proper title ofMahaparinirvanaSutra.This would provide accurate reference for following monographic studies of Buddhist sutras.

ADiscussionontheFormationandDesignationofSgrasbyorpampognyispaandMahāvyutpatti

Li Xiaonan,Lu Suwen(60)

SgrasbyorbampognyispaandMahāvyutpattiare two important achievements in the translation history of Tubo.These two master pieces had a great influence on the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan,Mongolian and other languages after Tubo period.What is more,these two books are the essential references for contemporary Buddhist studies.The specific completion date and how they were titled are still unclear.Through examining records of related Tibetan documents in early,middle and late Tubo period,the authors systematically demonstrate the establishment,divergence and nomination process.Retracing the whole process,it could be found that the inheritance and difference among the books along the spreading process,and shows the important influence of Buddhist scriptures catalog compilation on text formation.

AResearchonQiangtangHistoricalGeographicalNamesinFamilyHistoryofLang’s:LingXiPreciousVolume

Gongbu Duojia,Yong Ji(71)

Historical place names such as Ri Xue,Ga Xue,Suo Xue etc.appear multiple times inFamilyHistoryofLang’s:LingXiPreciousVolume.Through comparing with different Tibetan documents,HistoricalRecordsofKagyu,HistoricalRecordsofLorong,HistoricalCompilationofBon,and analyzing research findings from field investigation,it could be found that these places are in Sog County,Nagqu.What is more,conducting filed research on historical geographical names such as Ri Xue Yue Jiang Song Duo,Ga Xue Su Jiang Duo,Ga Xue Gong Qin Tang,Suo Yue Na,Yue Na Jin Ding Miao which recorded inFamilyHistoryofLang’s:LingXiPreciousVolume,would help to gain better knowledge about the historical geographical names in Qiangtang.

ADiscussionontheStrategiesandAuthorityMaintenanceActionsofQingCentralGovernmentHandlingwiththeArboubaRebellion

Yu Hua(78)

After the outbreak of Arbouba Rebellion,whether Dzungar people would interfere in Tibet or not is the key element that Qing central government determined and adjust its Tibet governing policies.After a series of changes,including sending troops to Tibet and suspending the dispatch,Qing central government,after a comprehensive analysis of internal and external situations in Tibet,chose to send troops into Tibet when Po Luo Nai defeated Arbouba.Eventually,Qing’s Army force entered Tibet through Sichuan,Shaanxi and Yunnan,quelled Arbouba rebellion and maintained its border security and stability in Tibet.Qing central government dealt with Arbouba rebellion successfully by supporting Po Luo Nai from the perspectives of maintaining its political authority and implementing governing Tibet policies,demonstrated its unchallengeable national political authority.

AnAnalysisontheCharacteristicsandRelatedIssuesoftheOfficialSealUsedbyTibetanLocalGovernmentinQingDynasty

Lyu Yani,Zhu Detao(87)

Combined with seal archives,seals and historical documents,this paper systematically sorts out and analyzes the use of official seals by the local government of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty.The authors claim that official seals used by the local government of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into three types.Firstly,the seal granted by the central government.Secondly,the seal made by the local government of Tibet.Finally,the seal passed down from Ming Dynasty.For the first and second types of seals,there are strict norms of usage occasion,user groups,carriers,the authority to issue official documents and the administrative wording of the announcement.The usage of these two seals forms obvious contrast in various aspects.The seals passed down from Ming Dynasty are the historical products of the specific historical background and political structure in Tibet,the usage characteristics of these seals are closely related to the political situation in Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty.The discussion of the above issues is of great value for understanding the local political system of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty and the relationship between the central government and Tibet.

AStudyonStylizedPresentationofthe“Divinity”ofSteedsinGesarEpic

Li Lianrong(97)

A distinctive understanding of evaluating superior and inferior horses is presented in the Gesar Epic.The Epic portrays King Gesar’s mount rkyangrgodg.yerba(spiritual fierce ochre horse with cyan mane and tail) with “divine” stylized presentation.This “divine” stylized presentation could be concluded into two ways and three modes.The first approach relies on the utilization of divine avatars and the activation of godly powers to enhance the abilities of the horse.The second way is the “comparison of magical abilities”.Meanwhile,this “divine” stylized presentation reflects Tibetan people’s knowledge of evaluating superior and inferior horses and the rich traditional Tibetan culture and embodies the distinctive rhetorical features of ancient folk literature.

AStudyontheComparisonbetweenGesarEpicandJourneytotheWest:TakingTsoTongandZhuBajieasExample

Guo Xiliang(106)

The cross-genre comparison between epic and novel had started from the beginning of Gesa Epic’s exploring and sorting project.There are many similarities betweenGesarEpicandJourneytotheWestin literary narrative.The narrative style of Buddhist sutras exerts a profound impact on the characterization and theme of the two great works.The characters Tso Tong and Zhu Bajie possess distinct comedic traits.Both archetypal characters exhibit similarities,as they are characterized by their lustful,greedy,and cowardly nature within the plot.Furthermore,their magical abilities and spells bear striking resemblances.Tso Tong and Zhu Bajie all experienced the test of lust which is the spiritual trials depicted in Buddhist scriptures while the narrative approaches employed in these two masterpieces seamlessly integrate elements of secular culture.This is the embodiment of the integration and commonality of Han and Tibetan cultures.The comedic traits and secular expressions on Tso Tong and Zhu Bajie are the distinctive differences between eastern and western narrative epics.

ContemporaryTibet-relatedStudies

AResearchonEmploymentStabilizationofTibetanCollegesandUniversities’Graduates

Dunzhu Danzeng,Laba Zhuoga(116)

With the steady economic and social development,the employment rate of high-level human labor force of Tibet Autonomous Region has been maintained a satisfied level.Recently,under the influence of global economic slowdown,stabilizing employment situation and generating more job opportunities have become the public concern.Through field research,the authors declare that employment challenges and opportunities coexist for colleges and universities’ graduates.The challenges mainly are insufficient local industrial development,graduates’ backward employment concept and lack of employment competitiveness,low market employment rate,no mechanism to train nor promote graduates’ employment in local colleges and universities.In order to handle these obstacles,joint effort of individuals,society,colleges and universities,government is necessary.In addition,it is important to form an effective,transparent,interactive,incentive and promotion mechanism system among the four subjects to promote the employment diversification of Tibetan colleges and universities’ graduates.

ADiscussionontheApplicabilityoftheSecularizationfromthePerspectiveofSinicizationofTibetanBuddhism

Liao Yunlu(128)

Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism is an important part of Communist Party of China’s governing Tibet strategies in the new era.It is also a concrete practice of continuous of promoting Sinicization of Buddhism policies.Therefore,the establishment of academic discourse system based on Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism is crucial and urgently needed.For a long time,secularization theory based on Christian research findings has been adopting by some scholars to study the development of Tibetan Buddhism as these theories describes similar caesaropapism background and some phenomena in the development of Tibetan Buddhism after Chinese Democratic Reforms.However,this article argues that secularization theory is not suitable to study the origin,process and results of Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism.And the author of this article suggests a proper academic attitude should be adopted when studying Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism as to boost the changing “Sinicization of Tibetan Buddhism” from a political term to an academic topic and to establish a theoretical system with Chinese religious sociology characters in the structural relationships between the country and the society.

AStudyontheBoneSystemandFoodCustoms:BasedontheChangesofDietaryStatusofButchersinTibetsinceDemocraticReform

Zou Liyue(135)

Due to historical and cultural factors,the dietary status of butchers in Tibet was relatively low before the peaceful liberation of Tibet and they suffered some differentiation in terms of diet.Democratic reforms in Tibet changed the social status of butchers and it also indirectly promoted their dietary status.After 1951,The level of economic and social development in Tibet has been continuously improved,the social mobility of butchers is increasing,enhanced the communication and contacts between butchers and Tibetan people,promoted the dietary fusion of these two groups.In the new era,with the continuous evolution of Tibetan people’s cultural concepts,their traditional perception of butchers has also undergone significant transformations.Currently,there is a growing convergence in dietary preferences between different groups,indicating a substantial improvement in the status of butcher.

TheCulturalInterpretationofBaimaTibetan’sMazhouRitualinBaoziping

Quan Xinyu(143)

According to the field survey in Baoziping,Wenxian County,Gansu Province,the author finds that Baima Tibetan’s Mazhou ritual possessed certain cultural elements of Nuo dance and Bonism,which does not fall precisely within the realm of folk legacies such as Nuo nor Bon dance that are generally acknowledged by the scholars.The ritual subject holds the belief that all entities possess supernatural forces,including spirits and ghosts.Ritual subject,through a series of media and specific space-time dimension,expels evil spirits that harm people by the name of the gods,aims to pray good weather,golden harvest and enough livestock.This stylized narrationis not only a cultural projection of Baima Tibetan’s spiritual world in daily life,but also a retrospective expression of Baima Tibetan’s own culture in the village context.This expression is evidently pertinent to the historical,contemporary,and prospective aspects of the ethnic community.