美國(guó)和日本兒童色情犯罪規(guī)制比較研究

皇平平

（澳門科技大學(xué)，中國(guó)澳門 999078）

一、引言

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代的到來，使得淫穢色情信息的傳播更加便利、迅捷，呈現(xiàn)出“乘法效應(yīng)”，其中兒童色情制品（Child Pornography）的泛濫尤為嚴(yán)重。

為保護(hù)兒童免于性剝削或性虐待，聯(lián)合國(guó)1989年通過了《兒童權(quán)利公約》（Convention on the Rights of the Child），其第34條明確表達(dá)了“禁止兒童色情制品”之意旨。①原文為：States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes,States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent:（a）The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity;(b)The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices;(c)The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.《兒童權(quán)利公約》全文內(nèi)容可參考網(wǎng)址：https://www.unicef.cn/reports/convention-rights-child。該公約下的《關(guān)于買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題之兒童權(quán)利公約任擇議定書》（Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography，以下簡(jiǎn)稱《任擇議定書》），對(duì)各締約國(guó)提出了規(guī)制兒童色情制品及加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作的要求，并進(jìn)一步闡釋了兒童色情制品的定義及規(guī)制行為樣態(tài)。依《任擇議定書》第2條第（c）款之規(guī)定，兒童色情制品系指以任何方式描繪兒童進(jìn)行真實(shí)（real）或模擬（simulated）之露骨性行為或主要為性目的而描繪兒童性器的制品。②原文為 ：Child pornography is any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged in real or simulatedexplicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a child for primarily sexual purposes.該議定書全文內(nèi)容可參考網(wǎng)址：https://www.unicef.cn/reports/convention-rights-child?！度螕褡h定書》第3條第1項(xiàng)第（c）款規(guī)定，各締約國(guó)應(yīng)將制作（producing）、散布（distributing or disseminating）、進(jìn)口（importing）、出口（importing）、提供（offering）、銷售（selling）或基于前述目的而持有 （possessing for the above purposes）等行為納入刑事處罰范圍。①原文為：Each State Part shall ensure that as a minimum,the following acts and activities are fully covered under its criminal or penal law,whether these offences are committed domestically or transnationally or on an individual or organized basis:...(c)Producing,distributing,disseminating,importing,importing, offering, selling or possessing for the above purposes child pornography as defined in Article 2.《任擇議定書》對(duì)于單純持有的管制設(shè)有保留規(guī)定，各締約國(guó)可自行決定是否禁止該行為?！度螕褡h定書》首次明確了兒童色情的國(guó)際規(guī)制，在一定程度上，為各締約國(guó)制定刑事立法提供了模板。盡管世界各國(guó)在打擊兒童色情制品上達(dá)成了共識(shí)，但因其對(duì)兒童色情的模糊定義和被規(guī)制行為樣態(tài)保留態(tài)度，在對(duì)兒童色情的定義、刑事處罰的范圍和行為樣態(tài)方面上仍存在爭(zhēng)議。……