方劍鋒 陳志良 沈志宏 魯葆春



[摘要] 目的 探討吲哚美辛和胰管支架在預(yù)防經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(ERCP)術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥中的臨床應(yīng)用價值。 方法 納入2018年1月至2020年6月紹興市人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科收治的1063例ERCP患者,分成高危、中危、低危3組,再根據(jù)隨機(jī)雙盲原則將高危組分成高危A、高危B、高危C 3組,中危、低危組分成中危A、B和低危A、B各2組。在術(shù)后常規(guī)處理外,對高危、中危、低危A組予吲哚美辛栓肛塞,B組僅常規(guī)處理,高危C組予胰管支架置入聯(lián)合吲哚美辛栓肛塞。觀察術(shù)后3、24 h的血淀粉酶及是否有胰腺炎癥狀體征、CT表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果 高危C組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為56.6%,胰腺炎發(fā)生率為27.7%,較A組、B組明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001),中危A組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為35.0%,胰腺炎發(fā)生率為6.5%,較B組明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001),低危A組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為4.1%,胰腺炎發(fā)生率為0.6%,較B組明顯下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 對于ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎高危患者,術(shù)中胰管支架置入聯(lián)合術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞能顯著降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生率。對于ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎中低危患者,術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞能顯著降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 吲哚美辛;胰管支架;PEP;高淀粉酶血癥
[中圖分類號] R735.37? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)30-0106-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical application value of pancreatic duct stent combined with indomethacin in preventing pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). Methods A total of 1063 Patients received ERCP in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of Shaoxing People’s Hospital from January 2018 to June 2020 were divided into three groups as the high-, medium- and low-risk group. The high-risk group were further divided into three groups as the high-risk group A, B and C, according to the randomized double-blind principle. The medium-risk group were further divided into two groups as the medium-risk group A and B. The low-risk group were further divided into two groups as the low-risk group A and B. The high-, medium- and low-risk group A were given indomethacin anal embolization, in addition to conventional postoperative treatment. The high-, medium-and low-risk group B were only given conventional treatment. The high-risk group C were given pancreatic duct stent implantation combined with indomethacin anal embolization. The levels of blood amylase at 3 and 24 h after operation, whether there were symptoms and signs of pancreatitis, and CT manifestations were observed. Results The incidences of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis in the high-risk group C were 56.6% and 27.7%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the high-risk group A and B,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001). The incidences of hyperamylasemia and inflammation in the medium-risk group A were 35.0% and 6.5%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the medium-risk group B,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The incidences of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis in the low-risk group A were 4.1% and 0.6%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the low-risk group B,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion For patients with high risk of pancreatitis after ERCP, intraoperative pancreatic duct stent placement combined with postoperative indomethacin anal embolization can significantly reduce the incidences of postoperative pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia. For patients with low and medium risk of pancreatitis after ERCP, postoperative indomethacin anal embolization can significantly reduce the incidences of postoperative pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia.
[Key words] Indomethacin; Pancreatic duct stent; PEP; Hyperamylasemia
經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)引進(jìn)中國已有40多年歷史,通過不斷普及和發(fā)展,已成為臨床診斷和治療膽胰疾病不可或缺的重要手段,其具有診斷確切、療效好、創(chuàng)傷小、副作用少等優(yōu)點。但ERCP屬于有創(chuàng)操作,術(shù)后有一定的并發(fā)癥,包括疼痛、出血、高淀粉酶血癥、胰腺炎等。以術(shù)后高淀粉酶血癥最常見,多數(shù)無特殊的臨床表現(xiàn),可發(fā)展為ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎(Post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP),總發(fā)生率高達(dá)9.7%,病死率有0.7%[1],成為阻礙ERCP 技術(shù)發(fā)展與應(yīng)用的因素之一。因此,有效地預(yù)防ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥,降低ERCP術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,減少病死率,對促進(jìn)ERCP技術(shù)的發(fā)展具有極其重要的意義。
目前認(rèn)為,PEP發(fā)生的高危因素主要可分為患者相關(guān)因素、手術(shù)相關(guān)因素及操作者相關(guān)因素三類[2-4]。其引起的炎癥反應(yīng)、胰管堵塞胰管內(nèi)高壓是PEP發(fā)生的主要原因。吲哚美辛在炎癥反應(yīng)初期能阻斷炎癥因子的瀑布效應(yīng),胰管支架能解除胰管梗阻,降低胰管內(nèi)高壓,從而預(yù)防PEP的發(fā)生。但它們也有副作用,如消化道出血、支架移位、堵塞等。本研究通過在各危險組患者中選擇性使用吲哚美辛栓和胰管支架來明確吲哚美辛和胰管支架在預(yù)防ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥中的臨床應(yīng)用價值,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
紹興市人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科2018年1月至2020年6月符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的ERCP患者共1063例,按ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎風(fēng)險評估表分成高危、中危、低危3組,再根據(jù)隨機(jī)雙盲原則將高危組分成高危A、高危B、高危C 3組,中危、低危組分成中危A、B和低危A、B各2組。各組性別、年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①本院肝膽胰外科因各種膽胰疾病有ERCP手術(shù)適應(yīng)證者;②無禁忌證[5]者;③所有患者簽署知情同意書。
1.2.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①胃腸道改道術(shù)后者(如BⅡ式胃術(shù)后);②單純十二指腸鏡檢查者;③單純膽道或胰管支架拔除者;④有吲哚美辛栓使用禁忌者;⑤對吲哚美辛過敏者;⑥急性上消化道出血者;⑦發(fā)病前2周應(yīng)用抗凝藥者;⑧腎功能不全者;⑨機(jī)械性腸梗阻者。
1.3 方法
在術(shù)后常規(guī)處理(禁食、輸液抗炎解痙抑酸護(hù)胃補液治療,不使用生長抑素、奧曲肽等胰酶抑制劑)外,對高危、中危、低危A組予吲哚美辛栓(湖北東信藥業(yè)有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字 H42021462)100 mg肛塞,B組僅常規(guī)處理,高危C組予胰管支架置入聯(lián)合吲哚美辛栓100 mg肛塞。觀察術(shù)后3、24 h的血淀粉酶及是否有胰腺炎癥狀體征、CT表現(xiàn)。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
①高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)病率。ERCP術(shù)后復(fù)查術(shù)后3 h和術(shù)后24 h血淀粉酶,如高于正常上限(碘比色法≥180 U/L),且無腹痛及胰腺炎相關(guān)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),則提示高淀粉酶血癥。②ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎發(fā)病率。ERCP術(shù)后新發(fā)生腹痛或原有腹痛加重,伴有術(shù)后24 h血清淀粉酶超過正常高值的3倍(碘比色法≥540 U/L),則提示ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎。同時完善患者影像學(xué)檢查,若患者無胰腺炎樣腹痛或血淀粉酶升高超過正常上限3倍者,以影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果綜合判斷。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
共統(tǒng)計ERCP患者1063例,其中高危組181例,中危組381例,低危組501例。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)高危A組90例均淀粉酶增高,高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為100.0%(90/90),高危B組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為87.5%(7/8),高危C組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為56.6%(47/83),三組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);統(tǒng)計中危A組214例,高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為35.0%(75/214),低于中危B組的88.0%(147/167),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);低危A組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為4.1%(7/170),低于低危B組的13.3%(44/331),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。高危A組胰腺炎有51例,發(fā)生率為56.7%(51/90),高危B組胰腺炎發(fā)生率為62.5%(5/8),高危C組胰腺炎發(fā)生率為27.7%(23/83),三組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);中危A組胰腺炎發(fā)生率為6.5%(14/214),低于中危B組的41.3%(69/167),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001);低危A組胰腺炎發(fā)生率0.6%(1/170),低于低危B組的4.5%(15/331),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2~7。
3 討論
ERCP由于其具有診斷明確、創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、住院時間短等特點,已經(jīng)成為診斷和治療膽胰疾病不可或缺的手段。但ERCP也有其并發(fā)癥,最常見的就是ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥。PEP發(fā)生的主要原因是手術(shù)引起的炎癥反應(yīng)、胰管堵塞胰管內(nèi)高壓。
吲哚美辛是一種非甾體抗炎藥物(NSAIDs),具有環(huán)氧合酶(COX)抑制活性,是磷脂酶A2(PLA2)的拮抗劑。PLA2在胰腺炎的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,能調(diào)節(jié)前列腺素、白細(xì)胞介素和血小板活性因子等炎癥前遞質(zhì)。故吲哚美辛在炎癥反應(yīng)初期能阻斷炎癥因子的瀑布效應(yīng)[6-9]。但是,吲哚美辛的不良反應(yīng)很多,最常見的是胃腸道損傷,包括炎癥、潰瘍、穿孔及消化道憩室等。所以ERCP術(shù)后預(yù)防性使用吲哚美辛栓應(yīng)有明確的適應(yīng)證,其應(yīng)用范圍需嚴(yán)格控制。
胰管支架置入可降低因困難的插管、Oddi括約肌狹窄高壓、括約肌的預(yù)切開損傷胰管開口等引起的胰管高壓,引流胰液,一直被認(rèn)為是預(yù)防PEP發(fā)生、降低PEP嚴(yán)重程度的有效手段,且應(yīng)用于PEP高危患者也能獲得良好效果[10-15]。Troendle等[10]進(jìn)行的一項單盲、隨機(jī)對照試驗也表明,對于高危患者,胰腺支架置入是一種防治ERCP 術(shù)后胰腺炎安全、有效的技術(shù)。Mazaki等[11]通過一篇涉及680例患者的Meta分析指出,PEP的發(fā)生率從19%明顯下降至7%。Freeman[16]認(rèn)為對于那些反復(fù)發(fā)生胰腺炎、Oddi括約肌功能異常等患者,胰管支架對于預(yù)防PEP是必須的,是任何藥物治療不可替代的。但應(yīng)用塑料支架也有其并發(fā)癥,最主要的是支架堵塞[10]、移位[17-18]、胰管狹窄[19]、胰管損傷[20]及出血、穿孔等。同時,胰管支架的置入增加了患者的費用,其經(jīng)濟(jì)性不佳。
但目前國內(nèi)外對預(yù)防ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血癥的研究多為單獨、隨意使用吲哚美辛或胰管支架,沒有明確的使用適應(yīng)證和風(fēng)險度分級。與常規(guī)處理相比,應(yīng)用組胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血癥幾率有降低,但仍有一定量的發(fā)生率,且出現(xiàn)副作用、并發(fā)癥較多。為避免這個問題,所以本研究對ERCP術(shù)后患者行胰腺炎危險因素評定、分級,區(qū)別化處理,統(tǒng)計各危險組使用吲哚美辛和胰管支架的效果,以個體化使用吲哚美辛、胰管支架,在達(dá)到效果的同時,減少其并發(fā)癥。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對PEP高危患者,術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞聯(lián)合術(shù)中胰管支架置入與單獨使用吲哚美辛栓和術(shù)后常規(guī)處理組比較,聯(lián)合使用組術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的幾率明顯降低(高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率56.6%,胰腺炎發(fā)生率27.7%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。這可能跟胰管支架置入能解除胰管梗阻,降低胰管內(nèi)高壓,引流胰液有關(guān)。同時,吲哚美辛在炎癥反應(yīng)初期能阻斷炎癥因子的瀑布效應(yīng),另有研究顯示,非甾體抗炎藥物(NSAIDs)可抑制環(huán)磷酸腺苷的合成、過氧化物的產(chǎn)生、溶酶體酶的釋放等伴隨中性粒細(xì)胞活化的一系列現(xiàn)象,從而減輕炎癥反應(yīng)[21]。所以,吲哚美辛和胰管支架聯(lián)合應(yīng)用更能降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生。
對于中低危患者,術(shù)后使用吲哚美辛的中危A組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為35.0%(75/214),胰腺炎發(fā)生率為6.5%(14/214),較中危B組明顯下降[高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為88.0%(147/167),胰腺炎發(fā)生率為41.3%(69/167)],低危A組高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為4.1%(7/170),胰腺炎發(fā)生率為0.6%(1/170),也較低危B組明顯下降[高淀粉酶血癥發(fā)生率為13.3%(44/331),胰腺炎發(fā)生率4.5%(15/331)],差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。由此可見,吲哚美辛對于PEP中危、低危的患者,均有很好的預(yù)防ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的效果。
對于ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎高危患者,術(shù)中胰管支架置入聯(lián)合術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞能顯著降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生率。對于ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎中危患者,術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞能顯著降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生率。對于ERCP術(shù)后胰腺炎低危患者,術(shù)后吲哚美辛栓肛塞也能降低術(shù)后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血癥的發(fā)生率,加快患者恢復(fù),縮短住院時間。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-09)