內容摘要:一段時期以來,“格局”一詞在時政話語里頻頻出現。本文以“格局”的語用為視角,輔以近期官方媒體關于“格局”的翻譯案例,探討對外傳播中如何針對其不同語用意義進行翻譯處理。
關鍵詞:格局 闡釋 翻譯 語用意義
“格局”,按照《新華詞典》解釋,本指“結構和格式”。1從詞源學的角度講,無論是“格”,還是“局”,都有其嚴格的科學定義。從某種程度上說,“格局”一詞屬大詞、雅詞,在正式和官媒里頻頻出現。從語用學的角度講,“格局”的用法與意義格外豐富,早已突破原先本義。本文擬以近幾年官方媒體上對“格局”的翻譯為案例,2 以其語用意義為視角,探討“格局”的翻譯處理。
一.本義翻譯:直譯為主
如前言所述,“格局”本義為“結構和格式”,稍加擴展,意為形勢、局勢、布局等。這種情況下,根據其語用環境,可以翻譯為pattern, landscape, situation, layout等。
1.譯為landscape、layout、architecture、configuration等
格局的意義與landscape、layout等幾乎可以一一對應,意為局面、形式、圖景等,可直譯。
(1)全球經濟治理體系只有適應國際經濟格局新形勢和新要求,才能為世界經濟增長
提供更加有力的保障。
The global economic governance system can only provide stronger support to global growth
when it adapts to the new global economic landscape and its requirements.3
(2)通過主辦“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇,中方期待同各方一道,進一步深化伙伴關系,建設合作新平臺,打造發展新格局。
The global economic governance system can only provide stronger support to global growth when it adapts to the new global economic landscape and itsrequirements.3
(3)形成節約資源和保護環境的空間格局。
To develop spatial layouts, industrial structures, and ways of work and life that help conserve.resources and protect the environment.4
(4)優化區域發展格局。
We will improve the layout of development for all our regions.5
(5)國際戰略格局深刻演變
The International Strategic Landscape Is Going Through Profound Changes6
(6)營造平等互信、公平正義、共建共享的安全格局。
…, and contribute to a security architecture featuring equality, mutual trust, fairness, justice, joint contribution and shared benefits. 6
(7)中國積極發展對外建設性軍事關系,形成全方位寬領域多層次軍事外交新格局。
China actively develops constructive relationships with foreign militaries. A new configuration of foreign military relations which is all-dimensional, wide-ranging and multi-tiered is taking shape. 6
2.譯為pattern、model、form、structure、system等
針對“格局”之本義,直譯為pattern,model,system、style, setup, format、structure等,為結構、格式、模式、范式、形式之意。比如:2017年9月22日至24日在上海舉行的“2017浦江創新論壇”之主題“格局與使命”在各種宣傳材料上(包括主會場背景)均翻譯為“patterns and prospects”。
(8)打造共建共治共享的社會治理格局。
Establishing a social governance model based on collaboration, participation, and
common interests.4
(9)推動形成人與自然和諧發展現代化建設新格局。
To develop a new model of modernization with humans developing in harmony with nature.4
(10)國防和軍隊改革取得歷史性突破,形成軍委管總、戰區主戰、軍種主建新格局……
Historic breakthroughs have been made in reforming national defense and the armed forces: a new military structure has been established with the Central Military Commission exercising overall leadership, the theater commands responsible for military operations, and the services focusing on developing capabilities.4
(11)現代社會治理格局基本形成,社會充滿活力又和諧有序。
A modern social governance system has basically taken shape, and society is full of vitality, harmonious, and orderly.4
(12)統籌城鄉區域發展,良性互動格局加快形成。
We pursued balanced development across rural and urban areas and regions and sped up the formation of a pattern of positive interplay.5
(13)……構建城鄉社區治理新格局。
…and develop a new model of urban and rural community governance.5
二.引申義翻譯:意譯為主
由于“格局”引申意義豐富,需根據具體語用意義進行靈活處理。
1.譯為vision, insight, big-picture thinking等,意為遠見、視野、胸懷等。
(14)大時代需要大格局,大格局需要大智慧。
A great era calls for great vision, which in turn requires great wisdom.7
2. 譯為stage, ground等,可與new連用,意為新天地、新階段、新局面等。
(15)強化舉措推進西部大開發形成新格局。
We will strengthen measures to reach a new stage in the large-scale development of the western region.4
(16)推動形成全面開放新格局。
Making new ground in pursuing opening up on all fronts.4
(17)形成陸海內外聯動、東西雙向互濟的開放格局。
We hope to make new ground in opening China further through links running eastward and westward, across land and over sea.4
三.省譯
某些情況下,“格局”在漢語里有其語用意義,但在翻譯時通過信息整合、邏輯重建后,
發現原本語用意義有語義重復現象,翻譯時可以省譯。魯迅短篇小說《孔乙己》開篇的那句可作為典型例子:“魯鎮的酒店的格局,是和別處不同的”。不同之處在什么地方呢,冒號后面具體道來:“都是當街一個曲尺形的大柜臺,柜里面預備著熱水,可以隨時溫酒。” 楊憲益先生在翻譯時省譯了“格局”,因為后面講的就是那個“和別處不同的”“格局”:
The wine shops in Luchen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine.8
(18)堅持大扶貧格局。
We will continue to advance poverty reduction drawing on the joint efforts of government, society, and the market.4
(19)形成軍民融合深度發展格局。
… to achieve greater military-civilian integration.6
(20)這在G20歷史上均屬首創之舉,為挖掘世界經濟增長潛力、開辟世界經濟新一輪增長格局奠定了堅實基礎。
These unprecedented moves in the G20 history have laid a solid foundation for unleashing the growth potential of world economy and ushering in a new round of world economic growth.3
(21)習主席在G20工商峰會(B20)開幕式上首次系統提出以平等為基礎、以開放為導向、以合作為動力、以共享為目標的全球經濟治理觀,倡導共同構建公正高效的全球金融治理格局、開放透明的全球貿易和投資治理格局、綠色低碳的全球能源治理格局、包容聯動的全球發展治理格局,為完善全球經濟治理體系描繪了路線圖。
President Xi also called for joint efforts to ensure equitable and efficient global financial governance, open and transparent global trade and investment governance, green and low-carbon global energy governance and inclusive and interconnected global development governance.3
(22)長江經濟帶生態優先、綠色發展格局不斷鞏固。
Along the Yangtze Economic Belt, efforts to prioritize ecological conservation and boost green development were strengthened.5
以上幾例中,“大扶貧”、 “軍民融合深度發展”、“世界經濟新一輪增長”、“公正高效的全球金融治理”、“開放透明的全球貿易和投資治理”、“包容聯動的全球發展治理”、“軍事競爭”等已然是一種“格局”,或曰“局面”,因此英譯時省譯了。
結語:一個有趣的現象是,“格局”不僅在官方話語體系里受到青睞并被賦予越來越豐富的內涵,該詞還在老百姓話語系統里大行其道,語用別有一番風采。不過,從語用角度看,總體感覺是后者似乎多了一些調侃味道。如:經常聽到說某某人“格局不高”,甚至“沒有格局”,意為見識不夠、氣度不高、胸懷不大、眼界不寬, 似可譯為narrow-minded或者short-sighted等。
注 釋
1.商務印書館辭書研究中心,新華詞典.北京:商務印書館,2001:316.
2.本文大部分譯例來自黨的十九大報告、國務院2019年政府工作報告和最近中國政府發表的《新時代的中國國防》白皮書等文件在《中國日報》 (China Daily)網站上的官方翻譯。
3.中文見環球網站http://world.huanqiu.com/hot/2017-04/10505875.html,英文見外交部網站http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1454825.shtml,2017/04/19.
4.十九大報告,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/index.html
5.2019年政府工作報告,http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/18/WS5c8efa3da3106c65c34ef20c_1.html
6.《新時代的中國國防》,https://language.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201907/24/WS5d37f2aea310d83056400bef_1.html
7.習近平2014年在APEC峰會上的講話,見http://english.cri.cn/12474/2014/11/12/167s852122.htm
8.楊憲益,戴乃迭譯.魯迅小說選.北京:外文出版社,2010:36-51.
(作者介紹:王青,重慶市醫藥衛生學校研究員,教育碩士)